Investigations Incident Causation Not Just for Fatalities Objectives • Familiarize with incident causation • Apply root cause analysis Heinrich Domino Theory Management / Root Cause • Management Structure objectives organization operations Operational Error Manager behavior/Supervisor behavior Tactical Error unsafe acts unsafe conditions LCU Theory • Accident probability is situational • Overload taxes person’s capacity • Leads to accidents (or illness) • >300 → 79% in 2 yrs • >200 → 51%
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1. PROJECT. To Design an Accident Causation Model 2. SCOPE. The Accident Causation Model (or "Swiss Cheese Model") is a theoretical model that illustrates how accidents occur in organisations. The model focuses on both organisational hierarchy and human error. It postulates that the typical accident occurs because several (human) errors have occurred at all levels in the organisational hierarchy in a way that made such accident unavoidable. For example‚ decision makers may have made ill decisions
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CAUSATION Causation refers to inquiry as to whether the defendants conduct (or omission) caused the harm or damage. Causation must be established in all result crimes. In criminal liability it is divided into Factual causation and Legal causation. Factual causation is the starting point and consist of applying the ‘but for’ test. In most instances where there exists no complicating factors‚ factual causation on its own will suffice to establish causation. However‚ in some circumstances it will also
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PRINCIPLE OF CAUSATION Every criminal action can be divided into actus reus‚ mens rea and causation. Actus reus compacts with the ‘guilty act’‚ mens rea with the ‘guilty mind’ and the causation compacts with the consequences of the actus. In crimes‚ which require consequence like murder‚ causation is a essential and imperative element. The absence of causation between the actus and the consequence may render a verdict untenable in spite of the existence of the necessary mens rea and actus reus
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The brain is a very complex system. As our body changes through the years‚ so does our brain. When we are infants‚ our brains are reworking. As we learn‚ make memories‚ use our reflexes‚ and develop basic survival skills. The brain is growing incredibly rapidly during these early years. Are neurons are getting bigger‚ and are working more efficiently. Causing us to gain connection between hearing to vision. Near the end of the early stages‚ you would be two years old‚ and your brain will be about
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According to Stanhope and Lancaster (2010) the web of causation “…recognizes the complex interrelationships of many factors interacting‚ sometimes in subtle ways‚ to increase (or decrease) the risk of disease” (p. 163). All things that can affect risk of disease are divided into one of three categories‚ agents‚ host‚ or environment. Examples of agents include infectious agents such as bacteria and viruses‚ chemical agents such as heavy metals and pesticides‚ or physical agents such as heat‚ cold
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Causation and Correlation Jennifer PSY/285 Darren Iwamoto July 17‚ 2013 Causation and Correlation Correlation does not imply causation. According to “statistical Language Correlation and Causation” (Correlation is a statistical measure (expressed as a number) that describes the size and direction of a relationship between two or more variables. A correlation between variables‚ however‚ does not automatically mean that the change in one variable is the cause of the change in the values of
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Healthcare Systems are Complex Adaptive Systems (CAS) because they are heavily influenced by both internal and external environmental factors. Healthcare institutions have a large number of stakeholders‚ which encompass individual health consumers to larger groups such as public‚ private‚ and federal payers. Institutions are further influenced by local‚ state‚ and federal regulations. With so many relationships at play‚ the healthcare system remains an unpredictable high-risk environment. Over the
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Bertalanffy thought of the idea of General System Theory back in 1936‚ but hesitated until 1948 when the intellectual climate was more receptive. At the University of Chicago (1937-38) he worked with the Russian physicist Nicolaus Rashevsky. There he gave his first lecture about the General System Theory as a methodology that is valid for all sciences. Systems thinking dates back to antiquity (Mayans‚ Egyptians‚ Greeks) Von Bertalanffy began to develop common systems teachings in lectures during
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of others.”- This is the slogan for Defensive Driving. Vehicle accidents are most common if the driving is inadequate. These happen on most factors if the driver is drowsy or if he is alcoholic. Driver drowsiness is recognized as an important factor in the vehicle accidents. It was demonstrated that driving performance deteriorates with increased drowsiness with resulting crashes constituting more than 20% of all vehicle accidents. But the life lost once cannot be re-winded. Advanced technology
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