concentration ratios are used to determine total market shares within four specific industries. I will also discuss the levels of competition within those industries and how oligopolies can benefit society. Case‚ Fare‚ and Oster defines concentration ratio as the share of industry output in sales or employment accounted for by the top firms (2009). They are used to measure the total output produced by a certain number of firms within an industry. Four-firm concentration ratios are used
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Golden Ratio The theory of the Italian mathematician Leonardo Pisano is extremely present today. While he was trying to sort out the number of rabbits that mated in a year‚ he discovered a series of numbers‚ that are profoundly consistent in man‚ nature & animals. This discovery was extraordinary‚ but he also found that the ratio always resulted in 1.618. Although it is called differently‚ this ratio is often called „the golden ratio“. It’s
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Contents page Introduction……………………page1 Literature review………………page 2 Uses of ratios…………………...Page 2 Types of financial ratios………Page 3 ➢ Profitability ratios……….Page 3 ➢ Efficiency Ratios………....Page 4 ➢ Liquidity Ratios………….Page 5 ➢ Investment Ratios………..Page 6 Limitations of ratios…………..Page 8 Conclusion……………………..Page 8 Introduction. The primary purpose of accounting is to convey information about the business to management‚ investors‚ shareholders‚ government
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PROFITABILITY RATIOS One of the most important measures of a company’s success is its profitability. However‚ individual figures shown in the income statement/profit and loss account for gross profit and net profit mean very little by themselves. When these profit figures are expressed as a percentage of sales‚ they are more useful. This percentage can then be compared with those of previous years‚ or with the percentages of other similar companies. Changes in the gross profit percentage ratio can be
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The Golden Ratio The golden ratio is a number used in mathematics‚ art‚ architecture‚ nature‚ and architecture. Also known as‚ the divine proportion‚ golden mean‚ or golden section it expresses the relationship that the sum of two quantities is to the larger quantity as is the larger is to the smaller. It is also a number often encountered when taking the ratios of differences in different geometric figures. Represented mathematically as approximately 1.618033989‚ and by the Greek letter Phi
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Starbucks Ratio Analysis 2. Market Capitalization = closing price * shares outstanding = 37.29 * 742.6 = 27691.55 3. A. P/E = Price per share / Earnings per share = 37.29 / 1.66 = 22.46 times B. Market-to-Book = Market price per share / Book value per share = Price per share / (Total shareholders’ equity / Shares outstanding) = 37.29 / (4384.9 / 742.6) = 6.32 times C. Enterprise value-to-EBITDA=
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CLASSIFICATION OF RATIO ANALYSIS "Ratios" can be grouped into various classes according to "financial" activity or function to be evaluated. In view of the requirements of the various users of "ratios"‚ we can classify then into the following categories. Liquidity "Ratios" Profitability "Ratios" Solvency "Ratios" "Financial" statement "analysis" is a judgemental process. One of the primary objectives is identification of major changes in trends and relationships and the investigation of the
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Efficiency Ratios The efficiency ratio is an indicator of how well Johnson and Johnson (J&J) is run on an organizational wide basis. Efficiency ratios are also defined as asset turnover ratios (Finkler‚ Kovner & Jones‚ 2007). The asset turnover ratio measures how productive J&J is in managing all of its assets to generate Sales. This efficiency ratio is calculated by dividing sales by total assets by total revenue. For year 2010‚ J&J had an asset turnover of 0.6. Comparing J&J’s
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Ratio Analysis Ratio analysis is used to evaluate relationships among financial statement items. The ratios are used to identify trends over time for one company or to compare two or more companies at one point in time. Financial statement ratio analysis focuses on three key aspects of a business: liquidity‚ profitability‚ and solvency. Liquidity ratios Liquidity ratios measure the ability of a company to repay its short-term debts and meet unexpected cash needs. Current ratio. The current
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Liquidity Ratios 2012 2011 Current Ratio 20‚025/24‚025=0.83 17‚003/27‚075=0.63 Quick Ratio (7‚138+10‚744)/24‚025=0.74 (6‚252+9‚259)/27‚075=0.57 Activity Ratios Receivable Turnover 46‚417/((10‚744+9‚259)/2)=4.6 45‚884/((9‚259+8‚784)/2)=5.1 Inventory Turnover 31‚546/((486+537)/2)=61.7 30‚814/((537+433)/2)=63.5 Profitability Ratios Rate of Return on Assets 7‚003/((139‚576+151‚220)/2)=4.8% 7‚870/((151‚220+156‚985)/2)=5.1% Rate of Return on (7‚003-56)/((78
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