Top-Down and Bottom-Up are both strategies of information processing and knowledge ordering‚ used in a variety of fields including software‚ humanistic and scientific theories (see systemic)‚ and management and organization. In practice‚ they can be seen as a style of thinking and teaching. A Top-Down Approach (also known as stepwise design or deductive reasoning‚ and in many cases used as a synonym of analysis order composition) is essentially the breaking down of a system to gain insight into
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University of Technology Sydney Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology APPLICATION OF RECYCLED BALLAST FOR GEOTECHNICAL IMPROVEMENT OF RAIL TRACKS by Yao Yao LI Supervisor: Dr. Behzad Fatahi 25th June 2010 Abstract Traditional railway foundations or substructure have become increasingly overloaded in recent years due to the introduction of faster and heavier trains. The increasing axle loads increase the track maintenance frequency caused by differential track settlement
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Bottoms Up is an insightful and entertaining article that presents the advantages of drinking filtered sewage water. Written by Olive Heffernan‚ Bottoms Up focuses on the City of San Diego Public Utilities Department and its battle for public and governmental approval on reusing sewage water. In the article‚ Heffernan interviews many officials and experts on the subject to assess the risk of using sewage water. She also expresses the concerns of those who oppose it. But‚ with the collected data and
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of the world’s population – will require radical innovations in technology and business models” (Prahalad & Hart‚ 2002). The Bottom of Pyramid (BOP) has developed as one of the predominant thoughts in business. In this article “Markets and marketing at the bottom of the pyramid‚” authors Katy Mason‚ Ronika Chakrabarti‚ Ramendra Singh‚ provides in-depth knowledge of Bottom of the Pyramid (BOP) in the special issue by showing various themes in study of BOP and looks to create bits of knowledge into
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accompanies may choose to adopt either top down budgeting approach or bottom up budgeting approach. In the finance ministry bottom down budgeting was a traditional way used in budget formulation. Top down budgeting came in the 1990s as a motivation to curb the fiscal deficits in which it lead to fiscal crisis in other countries. Top down budgeting was found that it helps and manages well the fiscal deficit efficiently unlike bottom up budgeting approach. Countries like Denmark‚ Korea Sweden‚ Australia
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This memo is for the recommendation of a study into the proposed construction of the LaGuardia Air Rail proposal by the MTA/ Port Authority‚ like the JFK Air Rail. The proposed study should also consider proposed routing plans in agreement with any possible NIMBY complaints. The air rail proposal calls for a terminal at Willets Point directly above the Corona Yards in the middle of the 7 line stop and the LIRR station with lanes above the Grand Central Parkway to LaGuardia Airport‚ under two miles
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Working Paper No. 80 ST/ESA/2009/DWP/80 August 2009 A f f a i r s The Bottom of the Pyramid Strategy for Reducing Poverty: A Failed Promise Aneel Karnani Abstract The movement emphasizing free markets to reduce poverty has found strong expression in the ‘bottom of the pyramid’ approach in recent years. It views the poor as “resilient and creative entrepreneurs and value-conscious consumers”. This romanticized view of the poor harms the poor in two ways. First‚ it results in too little emphasis
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Virginia‚ into a never-ending slip and slide. Late Saturday afternoon‚ vivacious Clemmy Sue Jarvis‚ a petite woman of sixty three‚ cautiously pulled out of her driveway‚ and slowly turned south on to Flat Bottom Road. She maneuvered the rain soaked road with great care. Nevertheless‚ fifty yards from her dearest friend Estelle Louise’s long dirt driveway‚ her rusty Chevy pickup‚ that she has kept mobile for years with hairpins‚ bubble gum‚ and duct tape‚ skidded across a massive oil slick. As a result
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Draft 9/26/12 ENG22 T/Tr 1:30 Why the Light Rail Should Be Built. The light rail project will benefit Oahu in many ways‚ and should be constructed without delay. The first reason that the rail should be constructed is because it will help the economy. One example of how the rail will benefit the economy is that it will create many lasting jobs for workers due to the fact that the rail is a massive project that will last years. Additionally‚ once the rail is completed it will increase tax revenue
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This article aims to introduce the concept and significance of Triple Bottom Line (TBL) with relationship to Sustainable Development Principle (SD) and Sustainable Construction (SC). Construction industry is one of the biggest industries in the world which needs a lot of attention to monitor and achieve the goals for a sustainable environment. In this report a case study has also been included which will be examined based on Global Report Initiatives (GRI). Introduction Sustainability
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