Case study A blue paint layer sample was collected from the wall decorations of the mortuary temple of Ramesses III (Medinet Habu. This temple is one of the largest memorial temples in Egypt. It measures 320 m in length (east to west) and about 200 m in width (north to south)‚ built with order of the Pharaoh Ramesses III (c.1184–1151 BC the 20th Dynasty). The micro-XRF spectrometer (SPECTRO‚ COPRA model) used to analyze the sample includes a side-window X-ray tube with Mo anode (Oxford Instruments
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April 04‚ 2014 Fisher Esterification Introduction: Esters are one of the most common derivatives of carboxylic acids and are widely distributed in both nature and industry. A Fischer Esterification is the formation of an ester and water from alcohol and an acid. It is the simplest means of synthesizing an ester and requires the reaction of a carboxylic acid and an alcohol. The general reaction of Fischer esterification is‚ CH3CO2H + ROH ↔ CH3CO2R + H2O (reaction1) CH3COOH + ROH ↔
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Infrared Spectroscopy is used to identify molecules by giving structural information about a molecule. Based on the knowledge that CH bonds have an absorption rate of 3000+-100cm-1 and that C=O bonds (carbonyl groups) have a 1700+- 100cm-1 absorption rate. I was able to locate these types of bonds on the Infrared Spectroscopy reports done by Dr. Yamaguchi. I don’t have enough expertise on how to decipher the other
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Alkene Synthesis from Alcohol: Preparation of Cyclohexene From Cyclohexanol 5/29/14 Abstract: A 42.89% yield cyclohexene was successfully synthesized from 10.0 mL cyclohexanol by unimolecular elimination (E1) through the dehydration of cyclohexanol and confirmed via a bromine test and the IR spectra. Introduction: Alkenes are hydrocarbons that have carbon–carbon double bonds and are one of the many functional groups in organic molecules. Alkenes are sp2 hybridized
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The purpose of this experiment is to synthesize isopentyl ester by an esterification reaction between a carboxylic acid and an ester. Carboxylic esters‚ like isopentyl acetate‚ are normally used to create artificial flavors. In the preparation of isopentyl acetate‚ esterification of acetic acid and isopentyl alcohol occurs. Esterification is an equilibrium shift to the product side using an excess of one of the starting components. In this experiment‚ the excess reagent is acetic acid because it
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electromagnet. Since then‚ the splitting of energy levels proportional to an external magnetic field has been called the "Zeeman effect". The "Zeeman resonance effect" causes magnetic resonances which are classified under radio frequency spectroscopy (rf spectroscopy). In these resonances‚ the transitions between two branches of a single energy level split in an external magnetic field are measured in the megahertz and gigahertz range. In 1944‚ Jevgeni Konstantinovitch Savoiski discovered electron
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Identification of Unknown Organic Compounds by Melting Point‚ Boiling Point‚ and Infrared Spectroscopy Methods and Background The goal of this laboratory experiment was to determine the structure and identity of an unknown solid and an unknown liquid by using elemental analysis‚ index of hydrogen deficiency‚ infrared spectroscopy‚ melting point (for solid)‚ and boiling point (for liquid). In this laboratory‚ we were given unknown solid “C” and unknown liquid “D”. The empirical formula
Free Atom Temperature Oxygen
guide in this field of Semiconductor Laser Diodes. I would also like to thank Abhishek Upadhyay (P.G. student) for giving me insights into the concepts of semiconductor laser diode. ABSTRACT: Recent calibration‐free tunable diode laser spectroscopy (TDLS) techniques have shown that knowledge of the modulation characteristics of the laser is critical to achieve optimum performance of the sensor. This report investigates the intensity modulation characteristics of a near‐infrared
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physical interactions.[5-6] The polymer matrix devoid of the water phase is known as xerogel. In other words‚ a xerogel is a polymer matrix‚ which when placed in an aqueous media will absorb water and undergo swelling to form hydrogel.[7] The absorption of water by the xerogel is a thermodynamically favorable process.[8] When a xerogel is placed within water‚ the water starts to interact with the hydrophilic molecules of the polymers. This results in the
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the starting material. The structural property of the material was studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The functional groups present in the material were identified using Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) Spectroscopy. The thermal behaviour was analyzed by using TG-DSC studies. UV-Vis Spectroscopy and Photoluminescence studies were taken to analyze the optical nature of the material. 1. INTRODUCTION Dielectrics are insulating materials that exhibit the property of electrical polarization
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