determining the role of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine on memory Method: * Rats were trained to go through a maze and get to the end‚ where they received food * Researcher injected one group of rats with scopolamine (blocks acetylcholine receptor sites thus decreasing available acetylcholine) * Injected second group of rats with physostigmine (blocks the production of cholinesterase – cholinesterase does the ‘clean-up’ of acetylcholine from the synapse and returns the neuron to
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Your Brain on Food S This page intentionally left blank Your Brain on Food How Chemicals Control Your Thoughts and Feelings Gary L. Wenk‚ PhD Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience and Molecular Virology‚ Immunology and Medical Genetics The Ohio State University Columbus‚ OH 1 2010 1 Oxford University Press‚ Inc.‚ publishes works that further Oxford University’s objective of excellence in research‚ scholarship‚ and education. Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town
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The rise of intracellular Ca2+ triggers synaptic vesicles filled with acetylcholine (ACh) to pass readily through pre-synaptic membrane into the synaptic cleft. 6. The ACh vesicles travel across the synaptic cleft‚ which is only 50 nm wide. The bind to acetylcholine receptors‚ namely nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR)‚ the nAChR are found within the sacrolemma‚ which is the outer surface of a muscle cells. 7. An new action
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potential of the cell‚ bringing it closer to or farther away from its threshold voltage. Neurotransmitters affect different types of smooth muscle differently‚ depending on the association of the smooth muscle with excitable cells. In general‚ acetylcholine increases the muscle cell’s permeability to calcium‚ while epinephrine decreases the cell’s permeability to calcium. The earthworm (Lumbricus spp.) gut can be dissected and examined in vitro using an organ bath and force transducer. This preparation
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shown to be beneficial to patients diagnosed with PD (22). Nicotine’s positive effect on motor coordination and behavior is due to its ability to increase dopamine availability while reducing the production of reactive oxygen species. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) activation is considered the mechanism of action of nicotine against PD (4). Neuronal nAChR’s are quantitatively reduced in patients of neurodegenerative disease so nicotine allows a stronger signal to these receptors. These
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1. CNS stimulants increase the neurotransmitter: a. GABA b. Glutamate c. Serotonin d. None of the above 2. How are xanthines different from other CNS stimulants? a. They are stronger than other CNS stimulants b. They have different peripheral effects c. Unlike other CNS stimulants‚ they release catecholamines indirectly d. All of the above 3. ____________ is a member of xanthine family that is used in therapy for respiratory diseases such as Asthma. a. Theophylline b. Caffeine c.
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Botulism The topic I chose to talk about today is botulism. Botulism neurotoxin is one of the most lethal substances known to man. Not many people are aware of what it is and its negative side-effects. What is Botulism? 3) Botulism is a neurotoxin produced by Clostridium botulism. Botulism causes extreme and sometimes fatal food poisoning. Botulism was first identified in Germany in 1735. A person had eaten a German sausage and got food poisoning. This is how botulism got
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water‚ animal guts and dung. When the spores exposed to low oxygen and certain temperature‚ they produce botulinum toxin‚ able to germinate‚ metabolize‚ food sources through an aerobic respiration to produce toxin. The toxin blocks the release of acetylcholine from motor nerve endings causing paralysis symptoms. The botulism either food born‚ eating contaminated home-canned foods where the fermentation takes place. or through abrasion in the body skin where the Clostridium bacteria can infect the wound
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NERVOUS SYSTEM OUTLINE I. Nervous System = 2 Parts A. Central Nervous System (CNS) 1. Brain 2. Spinal Cord B. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) 1. Nerves to parts of the body 2. Nerves from parts of the body C. Functions 1. Sensory a. receptors for stimuli (receive stimulus) b. peripheral nerves (carry impulses to CNS) c. activities monitored 1) light intensity (visual) 2) sound intensity (auditory) 3) temperature 4) oxygen concentration 5) internal fluid conditions 2. Motor a
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Romero W1A3: Case Study: Biological Basis of Diseases Due: Sunday‚ May 22‚ 2011 The most current thoughts and theories on the cause of Alzheimer ’s Diseases is that Minnie is forgetting things‚ calling her oldest son‚ Chester‚ her husband ’s name‚ getting upset easily‚ and speaking in Italian. The theories would be the children looking up the information from the signs their mother is showing of the Alzheimer ’s Diseases and deciding if she should have extensive testing or going to the doctor
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