Cerevisiae) as a model organism” (Simpson‚2010). Fermentation is the metabolic procedure in which an organism alters a carbohydrate‚ such as sugar or starch‚ into an acid or alcohol. For instance ‚ yeast performs fermentation to achieve energy by altering sugar into alcohol. Bacteria execute fermentation‚ altering carbohydrates into lactic acid (Helmenstine‚ 2013). Fermentation can be used in the food and drink industry as well‚ examples of this is bread. In the process of fermentation with bread‚ yeast
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IB Chemistry Experiment 4 Composition of a Post-1983 Penny Lab Report Background: Through the use of percent composition one can easily find out how much of a certain element is in a compound or an item such as a post-1983 penny. The experiment will be using HCl a strong acid to dissolve all the zinc inside the outer copper shell. The reaction follows as such; Zn+2HCLZnCl2+H2‚ but there will be no reaction with copper. The portion that will be measured is the mass of copper left after all of
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hydrogen groups from the carbons. Concentrated phosphoric acid was used as a catalyst to help move the reaction towards the products motioned above. To determine the successfulness of the experiment and the amount of product(s) recovered‚ IR spectroscopy‚ Gas Chromatography and percent yield calculations were used. Equations and Structures 6. References 1. "18. Dehydration of 2- Methylcyclohexanol." Organic Chemistry Lab 2040L. XU Chemistry‚ n.d. Web. 12 Feb. 2013. 2. "Material
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(ψD). This prebiotically plausible proto-nucleic acid monomer (Figure 1)‚ is the amide formed between a cyanuric acid-functionalized hydroxy acid called 2-OH-CyCo4 (abbreviated as ψ) and the amino acid L-aspartic acid (abbreviated as D). Despite no obvious prebiotic route to this compound‚ it features certain principles that still apply to prebiotically plausible compounds. More specifically‚ when simple compounds containing hydroxyl and carboxylic acid moieties are dissolved in water and dried at elevated
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neutral pH levels around 7. Introduction Enzymes are proteins that catalyze metabolic reactions vital for the survival and functioning of cells [1]. Without enzymes‚ metabolic processes would occur at unfeasible rates. Catalase is a naturally occurring enzyme that breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen; it is essential to cellular respiration. I asked if enzyme activity was affected when exposed to different conditions‚ such as temperature‚ substrate concentration‚ and pH levels
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The starting material for this lab was the dialyzed sample (stored at -20ᵒ C) from the previous lab. The CM sephadex resin (taken in a 50 mL tube) was already made swollen using Buffer C (20 mM HEPES‚ pH 7.9; 1 mM EDTA; 50 mM KCl). The dialyzed sample was thawed to the room temperature and gently poured over the resin. The tube was capped and kept on a rocker at room temperature for 1 hour. The tube was then centrifuged in a HS-4 rotor at 2500 rpm (1200g) for 5 minutes at 4ᵒ C. Supernatant was discarded
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Kathleen Kramas Cells and Heredity Lab Tuesday 2:00-4:50 22 OCTOBER 2012 Membrane Permeability Decreases as Molecular Size Increases Introduction: Red blood cells are vital to organisms functioning properly. They are microscopic cells that carry oxygen from the lungs to all the tissues throughout the body. Upon transporting oxygen‚ red blood cells also exports waste‚ such as carbon dioxide‚ to the lungs where it can be expelled. Red blood cells are made up of hemoglobin which is surrounded by a
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Abstract: This report presents the reason why the ocean does not freeze in the winter. Since the ocean consists of salt water‚ an experiment was done to test the effect of freezing on salt water compared to pure water. The experiment was conducted three times in order to obtain accurate results and eliminate errors. In addition to the salt and pure water experiment‚ a variation of this experiment was created to test other options. In the variation experiment the effect of freezing on sugar water
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Alka-Seltzer Rocket Formal Lab Report Abstract In the Alka-Seltzer Rocket lab one was to experimentally determine how much (grams) Alka-Seltzer and water in mL‚ is needed to launch the rocket the highest/longest distance in cm. Also to experimentally determine the % NaHCO3 in the tablet using the information from the highest/longest distance. Calculate the error and % error of NaHCO3 in an Alka-Seltzer tablet and to determine the limiting reagent for the highest/longest distance traveled. Alka-Seltzer
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Chemistry Laboratory I Acid Base Review Definition In general‚ an acid is a substance that can donate a proton (H+) and a base is a substance that can accept a proton. Any proton in an organic molecule can potentially be donated. The most acidic proton in a molecule would be donated first. Any lone pair in an organic molecule can act as the proton acceptor. An acid (HA) reacts with a base (in this case H2O) to form the conjugate base of the acid (A-) and the conjugate acid of the base (H3O+). HA + H2O
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