PRODUCTION OF CITRIC ACID Introduction: Citric acid is a White solid‚C3H4OH(COOH)3‚soluble in water and slightly soluble in organic solvents‚ which melts at 153 oC. Aqueous solutions of citric acid are slightly more acidic than solutions of acetic acid. Traces of citric acid are found in numerous plants and animals‚ because it is a nearly universal intermediate product of metabolism. Large amount of the acid are found in the juice of citrus fruits‚ from which it is precipitated by the
Premium Acid
ICSE Class X Chapter 5 Hydrogen Chloride and Hydrochloric Acid Hydrogen chloride (HCl) : Formula : HCl Nature : Covalent. Molecular Mass : 36·5u [i.e. HCl = 1 + 35·5 = 36·5] Occurrence : (i) Present in gastric juices. (ii) Present in volcanic gases. Laboratory preparation of HCl gas : Hydrogen chloride gas is prepared in laboratory by heating conc. H2SO4 with NaCl. NaCl + H2SO4 Heat → NaCl + NaHSO4 Heat → NaHSO4 + HCl Sodium hydrogen sulphate Na2SO4 + HCl
Premium Hydrochloric acid Chlorine Hydrogen
and industrial applications. Citric Acid is one of the organic acids commonly used as a chelating agent. It is considered an excellent chelating agent that binds metals. It is used to remove lime scale from boilers and evaporators. It can be used to soften water‚ which makes it useful in soaps and laundry detergents. By chelating the metals in hard water‚ it lets these cleaners produce foam and work better without need for water softening devices. Citric acid is the active ingredient in some bathroom
Premium Water Acid
Electrophoresis of Amino Acids Introduction: Electrophoresis is a separation technique based on the movement of charged ions under the influence of an electrical field. This technique is primarily used for the separation of amino acids and peptides on the basis of their charge. All amino acids contain ionizable groups that cause the amino acids‚ in solution‚ to act as charged polyelectrolytes that can migrate in an electric field. The amino acids with a net positive charge will migrate toward
Premium Amino acid Electric charge Acid
1ST SIX WEEKS PERIOD Unit A Chapter 1 Lesson 2 Classifying Plants Modeling Water Transport Material: * small sponge‚ * pie tin‚ * water‚ * glass‚ * red food coloring‚ * celery stalk. Procedure 1. Pour a cup of water into the pie tin and the glass. Add food coloring to the glass. 2. Have a student place the sponge in the pie tin and the celery stalk in the glass. 3. After 24 hours‚ ask students how the sponge and celery model water transport systems in
Premium Acid Water Measuring cup
world. There are several causes such as burning fossil fuels‚ emission of pollutants‚ smoking and transportation which contribute in developing air pollution. These causes may lead to several difficulties on the environment‚ such as health problems‚ acid rain and global warming. One of the most important effects of air pollution is bringing on breathing problems‚ such as asthma. Since children are more active than elderly people and breathe more rapidly and take more air into their lungs‚ they are so
Premium Fossil fuel Global warming Renewable energy
Just imagine one day having to walk outside wearing a mask or not being able to open the windows of your house on a hot summer’s day‚ or even worse‚ imagine looking out of your window and not seeing any form of life; all vegetation has died due to acid rain and other chemical such as sulphur poisoning. Some of these ideas can become a reality if something is not done about this problem‚ which in my opinion is far greater than the wars that are going on the world at this moment. 2. Well what is air
Premium Acid rain Ozone Lung
expected melting point. After its temperature reached the plateau‚ the temperature increment was set at 1°C per minute‚ and the melting point range of 152°C-154°C was recorded. After standardizing the melting device‚ a small sample of unknown carboxylic acid was placed in a capillary tube‚ and an arbitrary plateau of 200°C was set. When the sample started to melt at 150°C‚ another capillary tube containing a small amount of unknown sample was placed in the melting device‚ and the plateau was set to 135°C
Premium PH Titration Laboratory glassware
Lewis Acids and BasesLewis acids and bases play an important role in chemical reactions because‚ except oxidation-reduction reactions‚ almost every reaction could be categorized as an acid-base reaction. Bases in water solutions show certain specific characteristics: bitter taste‚ feel slippery‚ and turn litmus paper blue. Acids in water solutions show these most common characteristics: sour taste‚ react with metals‚ and turn litmus paper red. The understanding of chemical reactions‚ such as acid
Premium Hydrogen PH Base
IMPLICATIONS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES Environment can have a major impact on all areas of the society‚ including Business Organization as well as Personal Life-Styles. Two of the major issues that I want to discuss are Global Warming and Acid Rain. Global Warming is also called the greenhouse effect‚ is believed to be caused by changes in the earth ’s atmosphere as a result of industrial processes. Rising global temperatures are expected to raise sea level‚ and change precipitation and
Premium Global warming Acid rain Sulfur dioxide