stimulated nerve‚ 10 mV. The direct stimulation of the muscle required a higher voltage in order to get a contraction. This most likely occurs for two reasons. First is the fact that once a nerve reaches its threshold voltage‚ it perpetuates the action potential down the nerve to the muscle. This brings us to the second reason‚ the nerve branches out and reaches many thousand parts of the muscle‚ which all get depolarized. When stimulating directly‚ only the cells surrounding the electrode
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that impulse that is created by membrane irritability. 2. If you were to spend a lot of time studying nerve physiology in the laboratory‚ what type of stimulus would you use‚ and why? You would use a electric stimulus‚ this is because with the electric stimulus you can adjust and determine the pressure‚ frequency‚ duration‚ and voltage and control them.
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membrane potential when extracellular K+ concentration is increased? -The resting membrane potential will become more positive when K+ concentration is increased. 2. Explain why the resting membrane potential had the same value in the cell body and in the axon. -The resting membrane potential has the same value in the cell body and the axon because the typical resting membrane potential is the same throughout the entire neuron. 3. Describe what would happen to the resting membrane potential if the
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Week 2 Reading Summary : Chap 1-3 Chapter 1 Anatomy: studies the structure of body parts and their relationship to one another. Can be seen‚ felt‚ examined. Physiology: concerns the function of the body in other words‚ how the body parts work and carry out their life-sustaining activities Complementary of structure and function Function reflect structure‚ what a structure can do depends on is specific form Levels of structural organization: Cells – smallest living unit
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Exam 3 Review Sheet Genetics terms: phenotype‚ genotype‚ allele‚ dominant‚ recessive‚ homozygous‚ heterozygous‚ multiple alleles‚ codominance Phenotype: physical appearance Genotype: genetic composition Allele: alternate form of a gene Dominant: trait that will be expressed Recessive: trait that will be masked by dominant trait Homozygous: both alleles are the same Heterozygous: the alleles are different Multiple Alleles: Codominance: Sex determination – all possibilities Xyy: Xxy
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Muscle Tissue 1. How is muscle tissue categorized? Muscle tissue is categorized by its shape‚ the number of nuclei‚ and the mechanism of stimulation. 2. a. Click the Smooth Muscle Tissue. Identify each of the following: Nucleus----- Smooth Fiber Muscle------------------ b. Describe smooth muscle control (voluntary or involuntary). Involuntary c. Name some smooth muscle functions (click the “Tissue Locations” button). Smooth
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transport Diffusion: 1: simple; no membrane proteins ‚ 2 : facilitated(passive): requires membrane bound carrier protein that assits transport …….. both deal with gradients‚ kinectic energy and equilibrium * Higher to lower concentraion Osmosis; water moves form higher to lower concentration Filtration: occurs only across capillary walls Vesicular transport(active process); phagocytosis‚ endocytosis‚ pinocytosis‚ and excocytosis KE= ½ mv^2 Driving force of diffusion is…. Kinetic energy Molecules
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Signals Traveling in Neurons Two opposing ideas about the nervous system * Reticular theory ( the nervous system consisted of a large network of fused nerve cells) * Neuron theory ( the nervous system consisted of distinct elements or cells * Discovery of staining led to the acceptance of neuron theory. Staining is a chemical technique that caused nerve cells to become colored so they stood out from surrounding tissue * A way of electricity is transmitted in groups of neurons‚ such
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pathway involved in a reflex action including at its simplest a sensory nerve and a motor nerve with a synapse between. The components are receptor‚ sensory neurons‚ motor neurons‚ relay neurons‚ and effector. 2. Describe the events of an action potential. The events that take place are that the motor neuron will be stimulated. At the axon hillock‚ this will cause Na+ to rush into the axon‚ triggering an action potential. Once that happens then the action potential will propagate down the axon
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Week 1 Chapter 1 1. What is the basic difference between anatomy and physiology? (p. 2) ANSWER: Anatomy (a-NAT-ō-mē; ana- = up; -tomy = process of cutting) is the science of structure and the relationships among structures. Physiology (fiz′-ē-OL-ō-jē; physio- = nature‚ -logy = study of) is the science of body functions‚ that is‚ how the body parts work. 2. Define each of the following terms: atom‚ molecule‚ cell‚ tissue‚ organ‚ system‚ and organism. (p. 6) ANSWER: AtomUnit of matter that makes
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