of Behavior PSY 101 16 January 2011 One of the most basic yet complex systems in the universe is the biological organism‚ with even the simplest person being considered the most intricate and advanced biological entity alive. Each person’s actions are controlled by the brain‚ which when broken down to the simplest explanation is essentially the most advanced computer in the world and just like a standard home computer the brain is made up of several pieces to function correctly. Arguably the
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first understand the how a neuron works. In view of the fact that neurons form a network of electrical activities‚ they somehow have to be interconnected. When a nerve indicator‚ or impulse‚ reaches the ends of its axon‚ it has traveled as an action potential‚ or a pulse of electricity. However‚ there is no cellular continuity between one neuron and the next; there is a breach called synapse. The membranes of the sending and receiving cells are separated from each other by the fluid-filled synaptic
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other neurons using action potentials and neurotransmitters (Carlson‚ 2004). Neurotransmitters from the synaptic vesicle of the terminal button of a neuron can cause a graded potential. Unlike action potentials which are always depolarization‚ graded potentials may be either depolarization (excitatory) or hyperpolarization (inhibitory) (Kalat‚ 2007). Depending on whether the neurotransmitter hyperpolarizes or depolarizes the neuron‚ there are two basic postsynaptic potentials that take place in
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which cause the muscle to contract and relax. Every organism has thousands of neuromuscular joints which are the locations and means by which the motor neuron of the nervous system that instructs the muscle cells of the muscular systems to take action. Action that ‚ in turn lead to movements of muscles and other structures such as the tissues‚ bones‚ limbs that are controlled by muscles and it also causes the heart to beat. The neuromuscular joint is one of many connects made between nerves and other
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junction. Neuron (from the brain or spinal cord) will passed action potential through axon of motor neuron to an axon terminal. Sodium ion (Na+) and calcium ion (K+) are higher concentration outside than from the inside of the muscle and neuron. Na+ and K+ want to go inside but blocked by these channels (voltage gated calcium channels and ligand gated cation channels). The negative charge turn to positive charge after the action potential is at the terminal. This causes the calcium voltage gated channel
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System Nervous System: extensive network of nerve cells that carry messages in pulses of electrical and chemical energy throughout the body. This is the network that first comes to your rescue by accelerating you heart and tensing your muscles for action. Endocrine System: a slower acting communication network that sends a follow up message that supports and sustains that support the emergency response initiated by the nervous system. They send these messages through chemical messengers known as
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the order as follows. First‚ there exists an action pulse. Once this pulse reaches the end of the cell (the terminals)‚ a neurotransmitter‚ with the information that was being carried diffuses across the narrow space‚ binding itself to the receptors found in unique membranes of the receiving cell. The neurotransmitter‚ as a mediator‚ opens the channels of a number of ion species. This then leads to a resulting difference in the transmembrane potential. At this point‚ there exists two possible scenarios
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Exercise 3: Neurophysiology of Nerve Impulses: Activity 1: The Resting Membrane Potential Lab Report Pre-lab Quiz Results You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly. 1. What is the approximate concentration of K+ inside a typical cell (intracellular concentration)? You correctly answered: a. 150 mM 2. What is the approximate concentration of K+ outside a cell (extracellular concentration)? You correctly answered: b. 5 mM 3. What is the approximate concentration of Na+ inside
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contractions drop. This is due to the higher voltage‚ which inhibits the contractions. 2) What is the frequency of the regular spontaneous contractions of the ileum? What causes these spontaneous contractions? The frequency of the contractions was approximately 14 per minute. Spontaneous contractions occur due to the presence of pacemaker cells‚ which spontaneously produce action potentials. Attach a copy of your experimental recordings showing the response to
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smell‚ proprioreception‚ hearing‚ equilibrium‚ gustation‚ etc. Each modality has a specific receptor Each modality is conducted by sensory (afferent) neurons to the CNS and is the result of different neural pathways and synaptic connections 2. Sensory Pathways 3. Law of Specific Nerve Energy Each sensory neuron carries information about only one sensation: they usually respond best to one form of stimulus energy (but other stimuli can evoke a response) It ISN’T THE NEURON‚ it’s WHERE
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