perception where recognition comes into play. * Perception is a three step process: * Stimulus (environmental‚ attended‚ receptors) electricity (transduction‚ transmissions‚ processing) experience and action (perception‚ recognition‚ action) * Perception recognition action * Transduction (turning light energy to chemical energy) transmission (between neurons) processing (neurons and brain making sense) * Perception relies upon two interacting processes * Bottom-up
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from external behavior. Behavior may be classified as overt or covert and intrinsic or extrinsic behavior. Significance of the Study of Psychology 1. it enables the individual to learn more quickly and choose a vocation more intelligently; 2. it makes a person achieve emotional equilibrium‚ and makes better social adjustments; 3. it enables one to resolve problems and to develop great personal efficiency. What Psychology is Not 1. Psychology and the mysterious. Many people think
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1. Describe the general structure and function of the nervous system. The Nervous System is a "network" which delivers information and monitors the processes taking place in our bodies at all times. The nervous system in all its aspects allows us to function as a single controlled and coordinated unit. The basic nerve cell nerve cell is a neuron; a chain of neurons is actually a "communication cable "inside our bodies. Neuron structure is basically the cell nucleus‚ the dendrites which receive information
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ANATOMY 2 LAB 1 – RECEPTORS Questions: 1. How is the distance between receptors related to sensitivity of a stimulus? * The greater the distance between receptors and stimulus the lesser sensitive are the stimulus. The smaller area‚ the more sensitive. 2. What does the two-point discrimination test measure? * It measures the smallest distance at which two points of contact can be felt or measures areas that are more sensitive and has more motor interactions. 3. What areas of
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CELL ULTRASTRUCTURE CELL ULTRASTRUCTURE Cells are the smallest functional units of the body‚ (Waugh‚ A. and Grant‚ A.2010). Most cells are microscopic. The largest cell in the body is the female ovum. The erythrocyte is the smallest cell. The longest cell is the neuron. Cells group together to form tissues‚ each of which has specialised function. Different tissues group together to form organs. Organs are group together to form organ systems‚ each of which performs a particular function that
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NATI NA T ON NAALL CEN ENT NTTEER FO FOR CASE CCAASE SE SSTU T DDYY TEA TU EACH CHIN CH HIN INGG IN IN SSCI CIIEN ENCE CEE Escape from Planet Soma Mastering the Physiological Principles of Neuronal Signaling b by Sheri L. Boyce Department of Biological Sciences‚ Messiah College‚ Grantham‚ PA After a valiant but doomed battle in the distant Purkinje Galaxy‚ you are captured by the Glialiens‚ the most evil beings in all of the Cerebral Hemisphere. They imprison you in their outpost on the desolate
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and convert them to nerve impulses • Alternating graded and all-or-none signals on the membrane of a single neuron • Graded potentials decay with distance (electrotonic conduction); longdistance transmission depend on transforming signals to APs • Typically‚ alternating electric (within neuron) and chemical signals (between neurons) • Postsynaptic potential affected by number and frequency of APs Passive spread of electric signal Sub-threshold current flowing along the membrane decays
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Anatomy of Peripheral Nerves Peripheral nerves consist of fascicles that contain myelinated and unmyelinated axons. Endoneurium is the small amount of matrix that is present between individual axons. The perineurium is a sheath of special‚ fiber-like cells that ties the axons of each fascicle together. Epineurium is the connective tissue that surrounds the entire nerve trunk and gives off vascular connective tissue septa that traverse the nerve and separate fascicles from one another. | | Single
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disease occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks the white layer which is called the myelin sheath. The myelin sheath is the cover that protects the nerve cells. When the myelin is damaged axons of neurons can no longer effectively conduct action potentials. These damages disrupt communication between the brain‚ organs‚ tissues and cells. Multiple sclerosis is characterized by lesions in multiple locations with relapses occurs at least 3 months apart. The common symptoms of the disease are spasticity
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Unit- One motor neuron and all the muscles it innervates. Each muscle will respond to one motor nerve which contains axons that can have up to 100’s of neurons that branch into terminals that form NMJ with ONE fiber. When a motor neuron sends an action potential‚ it will cause all of the connected muscle fibers to contract. The number of muscle fibers per motor unit varies from thousands to only a few‚ and the size varies based on the type of control that muscle has. Muscles that exert fine control
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