The formation of an action potential can be divided into five steps. (1) A stimulus from a sensory cell or another neuron causes the target cell to depolarize toward the threshold potential. (2) If the threshold of excitation is reached‚ all Na+ channels open and the membrane depolarizes. (3) At the peak action potential‚ K+ channels open and K+ begins to leave the cell. At the same time‚ Na+ channels close. (4) The membrane becomes hyperpolarized as K+ ions continue to leave the cell. The
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The Nervous System: Membrane Potential 1. Record the intracellular and extracellular concentrations of the following ions (mM/L): Intracellular Extracellular Sodium (Na+) Potassium (K+) Chloride (Cl–) 2. Excitable cells‚ like neurons‚ are more permeable to ___________ than to ___________. 3. How would the following alterations affect the membrane permeability to K+? Use arrows to indicate the change in permeability. a. An increase in the number of passive K+ channels
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THE WORK DONE BY A CONSERVATIVE FORCE ALWAYS HAS FOUR PROPERTIES: 1. It can be expressed as the difference between the initial and final values of a potential-energy function. 3. It is independent of the path of the body and depends only on the starting and ending points. 2. It is reversible. 4. When the starting and ending points are the same‚ the total work is zero. The total mechanical energy ME = K + U is constant. Object moving in a uniform gravitational field gravitational a
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Potential Energy • Definition and Mathematics of Work • Calculating the Amount of Work Done by Forces • Potential Energy • Kinetic Energy • Mechanical Energy • Power An object can store energy as the result of its position. For example‚ the heavy ball of a demolition machine is storing energy when it is held at an elevated position. This stored energy of position is referred to as potential energy. Similarly‚ a drawn bow is able to store energy as the result of its position. When assuming
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UNIVERSITY ENTRANCE EXAMINATION PHYSICS Duration : 2 hours Please read the following instructions carefully. 1. This paper is made up of 50 Multiple-Choice questions and comprises ELEVEN (11) printed pages. 2. Do not write on the question paper. 3. Answer all questions and indicate your answers on the answer sheet provided. Marks will not be deducted for wrong answers. 4. Do not take any paper‚ including the question paper or unused answer sheets‚ out of the examination
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Question 1 | 1.61 points | Save | | You are standing on a scale in an elevator. Suddenly you notice your weight decreases. What do you conclude? | | | | | | | | The elevator is accelerating downwards. | | | The elevator is moving at a constant velocity downwards. | | | The elevator is moving at a constant velocity upwards. | | | Your diet is working. | | | The elevator is accelerating upwards. | | | | | | Question 2 | 1.61 points | Save | | Tidal
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Action Response is a London-based charity dedicated to providing fast responses to critical situations throughout the world. The charity receives requests for cash aid usually from an intermediary charity and looks to process the request quickly and provide funds where they are needed‚ when they are needed. It was founded to provide relatively short-term aid for small projects until they could obtain funding from larger donors. Generally‚ Action Response is regarded as one of the success stories
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Potential Energy Potential Energy is a type of energy that does not involve motion. It is the energy that is stored up. The more work done to change an object’s position or shape‚ the more potential energy it has. For example‚ a person on a ladder has more potential energy than a person on the ground because they have done more work to get up there. Kinetic Energy Kinetic Energy is the energy of motion. The more work an object has done‚ the more kinetic energy it has. the amount of kinetic
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MGH Evoked Potential Normative Values Pattern Shift Visual Evoked Potentials P 100 Latency (msec) Inter-eye difference (msec) P 100 Amplitude (µV) P 100 Amplitude % difference Mean 102.3 1.3 10.1 85.5% SD 5.1 2 4.2 10.50% Mean + 3 SD 117.6 7.3 N/A Notes (Smallest/Largest) 53.9% X 100 Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potentials Latencies (msec) I II III IV V VI Inter-wave latencies (msec) I-III I-V III-IV III-V IV-V V-VI Mean 1.7 2.8 3.9 5.1 5.7 7.3 SD 0.15 0.17 0.19 0.24
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examples of work done=force x distance What is work? Work in physics is the transfer of energy; work is done on an object when an applied force moves it through a distance. The link between work and energy is work done equals energy transferred. The units for the two are also the same (joules). E.g. 500J of work = 500J of kinetic energy. Work is calculated with the formula: work done=force x distance moved For example‚ if a force of 10 newton (F = 10 N) acts along point that travels 2 meters
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