BIOLOGY SYNOPTIC ESSAY – UNIT 5 – JUNE 13 THE MEMBRANES OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF CELLS ARE INVOLVED IN MANY DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS – 25 MARKS Membranes are found in all organisms‚ around and within cells. They control the movements in and out of cells‚ as well as protecting cells. They also allow different functions to occur. They have the same basic structure called the plasma membrane. All plasma membranes‚ around or inside cells have a same phospholipid bilayer structure. Phospholipids contribute to
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Computer Simulation of Membrane Potential Measurements INTRODUCTION “MEMPOT”© is an interactive graphical simulation program that is designed to show how cell membrane potentials are measured with microelectrodes in the laboratory situation. The simulation shows how the membrane potential depends on the external potassium‚ [K+]o and external sodium‚ [Na+]o concentrations and the relative permeability of the membrane to these ions. The program simulates membrane potential measurements in any excitable
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BIO 1012 Anatomy and Physiology Lab The Nervous System II: Anatomy Review 1. The somatic nervous system stimulates __Smooth__ muscle. The autonomic nervous system stimulates _Skeletal___ muscle‚ __Cardiac___ muscle‚ and _Glands___. 2. The autonomic nervous system (ANS) consists two divisions‚ each innervating the effector organs. The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) generally speeds up everything except digestion. The parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) generally slows down everything
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insulation wrapped around the axon of some neurons‚ which increases the rate at which nerve impulses travel along the axon. 5. Terminal Branches of the Axon: junctions with other cells that releases chemicals called neurotransmitters. 6. Action Potential (here also describe threshold): level of stimulation received when a neuron is in its resting state and it determines if an electrical signal or neural impulse will be created or not. If the threshold is met‚ the neural impulse will form and
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nervous system cause muscles to contract. Both neurons and muscle tissue conduct electrical current by moving ions across cellular membranes. A motor neuron ends in a synapse with a muscle fiber. The neuron releases acetylcholine and transfers the action potential to the muscle tissue. The signal will travel through the tissue and trigger the contraction of individual sarcomeres. One synapse generally controls an entire muscle fiber. One motor neuron usually controls several adjacent muscle fibers. A group
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desflurane and sevoflurane. Commonly used intravenous anaesthetics include propofol‚ a rapid action and rapid recovery without a patient hangover. Thiopental is used in very brief procedures and has a sedative like affect. Ketamine is often used for patients in shock‚ it increases heart rate and blood pressure‚ it can lead to bad dreams and hallucinations during recovery and is also a known abused drug‚ Action Anaesthetics work on the central nervous system to promote insensitivity to the feeling
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LAB 2 GENERAL CUTANEOUS SENSATIONS INTRODUCTION This lab involves the examination of cutaneous receptors. There are four exercises. For this lab‚ report your observations in a formal report‚ according to the formatting prescribed in Lab Report Format.doc which is found on Blackboard under Assignments/Before You Begin. Equipment needed: Metal calipers or compass with pencil 2 or more blunt probes (ball point pens or forks with blunt tines) 3 pennies 1 liter ice water in
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(circle or highlight one) – of (10) _______________________ ions. This causes a membrane potential change known as (11) ___________________________‚ which brings the membrane potential closer to the point at which the action potential will occur. If (12) ___________________ (the voltage at which an action potential is generated) is reached at the (13) ______________ ________ (area) of the neuron‚ then an action potential will be generated because (14) ________________________-gated (15) ________________
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three types of muscle tissue and the main differences between them. 2. Explain the sliding filament model of muscle contraction. 3. Define the resting membrane potential and its electrochemical basis. 4. List the different types of channels and indicate what causes each one to open. 5. In relation to an Action Potential – define the terms threshold‚ hyperpolarization‚ depolarization‚ repolarization and all-or-none-phenomenon. 6. Draw and label the structural components of the the
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neuron takes information away from the CNS. An interneuron transfer information between neurons in the CNS. It also sending out signal to the muscles resulting in contraction or movement. Nerves impulse occurs when an action potential changes rapidly. When action potential occurs‚ the sodium gates will open as Na+ flowing into the axon the changes from –65mV to +40mV‚ this is call depolarization and during repolarization the charge as k+exits the
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