of Behavior PSY 101 16 January 2011 One of the most basic yet complex systems in the universe is the biological organism‚ with even the simplest person being considered the most intricate and advanced biological entity alive. Each person’s actions are controlled by the brain‚ which when broken down to the simplest explanation is essentially the most advanced computer in the world and just like a standard home computer the brain is made up of several pieces to function correctly. Arguably the
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first understand the how a neuron works. In view of the fact that neurons form a network of electrical activities‚ they somehow have to be interconnected. When a nerve indicator‚ or impulse‚ reaches the ends of its axon‚ it has traveled as an action potential‚ or a pulse of electricity. However‚ there is no cellular continuity between one neuron and the next; there is a breach called synapse. The membranes of the sending and receiving cells are separated from each other by the fluid-filled synaptic
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TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. IA (Alkaline Metals) 1.1. H………………………………………………………………………..2 1.2. Li………………………………………………………………………..2 1.3. Na………………………………………………………………………2 1.4. K………………………………………………………………………..3 1.5. Rb………………………………………………………………………3 1.6. Cs………………………………………………………………………3 1.7. Fr……………………………………………………………………….4 1. IIA (Alkaline Earth Metals) 2.8. Be………………………………………………………………………4 2.9. Mg………………………………………………………………………4 2.10. Ca………………………………………………………………………4
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other neurons using action potentials and neurotransmitters (Carlson‚ 2004). Neurotransmitters from the synaptic vesicle of the terminal button of a neuron can cause a graded potential. Unlike action potentials which are always depolarization‚ graded potentials may be either depolarization (excitatory) or hyperpolarization (inhibitory) (Kalat‚ 2007). Depending on whether the neurotransmitter hyperpolarizes or depolarizes the neuron‚ there are two basic postsynaptic potentials that take place in
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those it attaches to. Figure 1 shows a neuron‚ as indicated on the diagram; the dendrites are the receivers of information for that cell. The dendrites receive neurotransmitters from the synapses that connect to it and if enough are present‚ an action potential is caused which then travels down the axon to the terminal buttons also known as synapses. There are electrical and chemical synapses in the body although the vast majority are chemical. Electrical synapses are located in the retina and in
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which cause the muscle to contract and relax. Every organism has thousands of neuromuscular joints which are the locations and means by which the motor neuron of the nervous system that instructs the muscle cells of the muscular systems to take action. Action that ‚ in turn lead to movements of muscles and other structures such as the tissues‚ bones‚ limbs that are controlled by muscles and it also causes the heart to beat. The neuromuscular joint is one of many connects made between nerves and other
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the structure of the center -surround in the receptive fields of retinal. In the receptive field‚ there are cone photoreceptors that communicate with On and Off center bipolar cell and finally On and Off center ganglion cells that carry the action potential to the cortex. When light comes to the retina (eyes) it causes closing of channels in the photoreceptor‚ there is no Ca2+ (calcium) influx‚ therefore‚ no neurotransmitter release (glutamate). While in the dark‚ is the opposite to light‚ channels
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a How does communication happen within the body? Electrical Signals Nervous System Chemical Signals Endocrine System The nervous system is made up of neurons. Neurons communicate just like people do‚ but they send messages using action potentials (electricity passing through their axons). Each neuron picks up signals at its dendrites‚ passes the signals down the axon‚ into the axon terminals‚ and into the synapses. The synapse then drops neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft between
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junction. Neuron (from the brain or spinal cord) will passed action potential through axon of motor neuron to an axon terminal. Sodium ion (Na+) and calcium ion (K+) are higher concentration outside than from the inside of the muscle and neuron. Na+ and K+ want to go inside but blocked by these channels (voltage gated calcium channels and ligand gated cation channels). The negative charge turn to positive charge after the action potential is at the terminal. This causes the calcium voltage gated channel
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System Nervous System: extensive network of nerve cells that carry messages in pulses of electrical and chemical energy throughout the body. This is the network that first comes to your rescue by accelerating you heart and tensing your muscles for action. Endocrine System: a slower acting communication network that sends a follow up message that supports and sustains that support the emergency response initiated by the nervous system. They send these messages through chemical messengers known as
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