Structure and bonding Ionic bonds are chemical bonds formed through an electrostatic attraction between two oppositely charged ions. Ionic bonds are formed between an metal and a non-metal. The metal loses an electron or electrons form its highest energy level becoming a positively charged Ion and the non-metal gains an electron or electrons in its highest energy level‚ becoming a negatively charged Ion. Covalent bonds are strong bonds between two non-metal atoms. A covalent bond forms when two
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Transportation is the largest single source of air pollution Today’s on-road vehicles produce over a third of the carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides in our atmosphere and over twenty percent of the global warming pollution. This air pollution carries significant risks for human health and the environment. Through clean vehicle and fuel technologies‚ we can significantly reduce air pollution from our cars and trucks‚ while cutting projected U.S. oil use in half within the next 20 years. Cars and
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Section A (Answer ALL questions in this Section.) 1. Rubidium (Rb) and potassium belong to the same group in the Periodic Table. The relative atomic mass of rubidium is larger than that of potassium. (a) Explain whether rubidium is more reactive than potassium. (b) Write a chemical equation for the reaction between rubidium and water. (State symbols should be given.) (c) Suggest how rubidium can be stored safely in the laboratory. (d) Suggest ONE safety precaution for handling
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Science Folio Chapter 5 B6D5E1 Title: Importance of maintaining the cleanliness of air Introduction The atmosphere of Earth is a layer of gases surrounding the planet Earth that is retained by Earth’s gravity. The atmosphere protects life on earth by absorbing ultraviolet solar radiation‚ warming the surface through heat retention (greenhouse effect)‚ and reducing temperature extremes between day and night. One of the most important factors drawing international attention which is
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CONTACT PROCESS Sulfuric acid is one of the most important industrial chemicals Outline three uses of sulfuric acid in industry 1. The major use of sulfuric acid in Australia is in the manufacture of fertilizers such as ammonium sulfate and superphosphate. Superphosphate is produced by reacting sulfuric acid with rock phosphate. Ammonium sulfate is produced by neutralising ammonia with sulfuric acid. 2. Production of titanium (IV) oxide from titanium minerals eg ilmenite. Titanium is an important
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AQA GCSE Chemistry Unit 1 C 1: Fundamental ideas: C 1.1. Atoms‚ elements and compounds: * All substances are made up of atoms. * Elements contain only one atom. * Compounds contain more than one atom. * An atom has a tiny nucleus in its centre‚ surrounded by electrons. C 1.2. Atomic structure: * Atoms are made up of protons‚ neutrons and electrons. * Protons and electrons have equal and opposite electrical charges. Protons are positively charged‚ and electrons are negatively
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carbonyls. Grignard reagents are any of the numerous organic derivatives of magnesium (Mg)‚ commonly represented by the general formula RMgX (in which R is a hydrocarbon radical: CH3‚ C2H5‚ C6H5‚ etc.; and X is a halogen atom‚ usually chlorine‚ bromine‚ or iodine). They are called Grignard reagents after their discoverer‚ French chemist Victor Grignard‚ who was a corecipient of the 1912 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for this work (1). Grignard reagents commonly are prepared by reaction of an alkyl
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1. Hydrogen Name: Hydrogen Atomic number: 1 Atomic Weight: 1.00794 grams/mole Standard state: gas at 198 K Hydrogen is the lightest Hydrogen is the lightest element. It is by far the most abundant element in the universe and makes up above 90% of Universe by weight. Hydrogen as water (H2O) is absolutely essential to life and it is present in all organic compounds. Hydrogen is lightest gas. Hydrogen gas was used in lighter-than-air balloons for transport but is far too dangerous because
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UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS International General Certificate of Secondary Education *6145201818* CHEMISTRY Paper 3 (Extended) Candidates answer on the Question Paper. No Additional Materials are required. READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your Centre number‚ candidate number and name on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen. You may use a pencil for any diagrams‚ graphs or rough working. Do not use staples‚ paper clips‚ highlighters‚ glue or correction
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of anthropogenic pollutants. There are a number of chemical reactions that can deplete stratospheric ozone; however‚ some of the most significant depletion comes from the catalytic destruction of ozone by freed halogen radicals like chlorine and bromine. Overview of Ozone Depletion Ozone depletion is term used to describe occurrences regarding the Earth ’s ozone layer. One of these observable trends is the slow and constant deterioration of the ozone in the atmosphere of about three percent
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