CHEMISTRY OF HYDROCARBON EXPERIMENT 16 OBJECTIVE The objective of this experiment is to distinguish the difference between various types of hydrocarbons by performing simple tests and reactions involving hydrocarbons. EQUIPMENT AND CHEMICALS Pentene Toluene Heptane Potassium permanganate (1% KMnO4) Aluminum chloride (anhydrous AlCl3) Chloroform (CHCl3) Ligroin Br2 in CCl4 (5%) Stopper pH paper Small test tubes and rack Graduated cylinder (10 ml) Evaporating dish DISCUSSION
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4-bromoaniline Introduction Aromatic compounds tend to undergo electrophilic aromatic substitutions rather than addition reactions. Substitution of a new group for a hydrogen atom takes place via a resonance-stabilized carbocation. As the benzene ring is quite electron-rich‚ it almost always behaves as a nucleophile in a reaction which means the substitution on benzene occurs by the addition of an electrophile. Substituted benzenes tend to react at predictable positions. Alkyl groups and other electron-donating
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Psychology‚ University of Santo Tomas‚ Manila‚ Philippines Abstract Four organic samples: hexane‚ cyclohexene‚ napthalene and toulene were given to serve as reference standards to characterize and distinguish four unknown given samples. Nitration‚ bromine and basic oxidation testswere conducted to classify the different samples from being an aliphatic‚ or aromatic‚ saturated or unsaturated and alkylated or non-alkylated hydrocarbons. The physical state and color were noted by simple physical observation
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AROMATIC COMPOUNDS ARE THOSE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS WHICH HAVE BENZENE RING (CYCLOHEXA-1‚3‚5-TRIENE). AROMATIC COMPOUNDS ARE ALWAYS FOLLOWS THE SUBSTITUTION REACTION BECAUSE OF THE STABILITY OF THE BENZENE RING. IT WILL NOT PROCESS THE ELIMINATION‚ ADDITION OR REARRANGEMENT REACTION. THIS EXPERIMENT WILL DETERMINE THE FACTORS OF ELECTROPHILIC SUBSTITUTION ON DIFFERENT AROMATIC RINGS THUS IT WILL HAVE DIFFERENT REACTION RATES BECAUSE OF DIFFERENT STRUCTURE OF THE COMPOUNDS. DIFFERENT REACTION WILL YIELDS
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the bromonium ion forming the erythro enantiomer. 7) (a)If the cinnamic acid were a mix of cis and trans than we would have gotten a mixture of erythro and threo product in the end. (b) If only 5mL of the bromine solution is added then the reaction would not be able to run to completion and bromine would be the limiting reagent causing less final product. (c) If cyclohexane was used then it would not react with the bromide nearly as much as the cyclohexene and there would be a larger amount of bromide
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Grouping elements with similar chemical properties together Date: 4.10.2012 Objectives The objective of this experiment is to experimentally investigate which elements show similar chemical properties. Chemical principle Calcium is a chemical element with symbol Ca and atomic number 20. Calcium is a dull gray‚ silver solid under standard conditions. Calcium atoms have an electron configuration of (2‚ 8‚ 8‚ 2) and 2 outermost shell electrons. Calcium is in group 2 and period 4 of the
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heated. Oil‚ fat‚ and water were subjected into a saponification test using NaOH‚ and acidification using concentrated H2SO4. And lastly‚ oil‚ fat and glycerol were subjected into an unsaturation test by adding dichloromethane‚ and was added with a 5% Bromine-dichloromethane solution‚ the total volume of the 5% Br-DCM solution was then obtained. Keywords: Lipids‚ Saponification 1. Introduction Lipids are a group of the essential biomolecules in which are generally characterized by their
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2. Use the passage below and your knowledge to answer the questions that follow. Methane reacts with bromine to give bromomethane and hydrogen bromide. The mechanism for the reaction is called free-radical substitution and involves hemolytic fission of chemical bonds. The reaction proceeds via initiation‚ propagation and termination steps. (a) By what mechanism does bromine react with methane? (b) Write a balanced symbol equation for this reaction. (c) Bonds break in this reaction
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compound Functional group(s) Alkanes CH3CH3 ethane C – C and C–H Alkenes CH2 = CH2 ethene C=C Chemical tests/Observations Add liquid bromine in ultraviolet light (or sunlight): White fumes of HBr liberated; decolourisation of bromine occurs slowly (a) Add Br2 in CCl4 at room temperature: Decolourisation of bromine occurs immediately CH2 = CH2 + Br2 → CH2BrCH2Br (b) Add acidified KMnO4 at room temperature: Decolourisation of KMnO4 occurs immediately CH2 = CH2 + [O]
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with zinc and acetic acid‚ C yields only: O O The structure of C is: I II IV A) B) C) D) E) III V I II III IV V Ans: E Topic: Structure Elucidation 4. Compound X has the molecular formula C6H10. X decolorizes bromine in carbon tetrachloride. X also shows IR absorption at about 3300 cm-1. When treated with excess hydrogen and a nickel catalyst‚ X yields 2-methylpentane. The most likely structure for X is: A) B) C) D) E) Ans: D 243 Keghan Chapter
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