Paul Davidoff (1965)‚ defined city planning as a policy-making method and presented “advocacy and pluralism” in planning which not only focus on the process of planning‚ but on the desired outcomes including social goals such as equity. He considered the prospect of planning as “a practice which openly invites political and social values to be examined and debated” (p. 331). Hence‚ he rejected the exclusively expert role of planners in the rational planning approach as he believed that solutions
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Imagine having a roommate that always finds a way to be the center of attention. Now try to imagine having an argument with your roommate that feels like you are arguing with a stubborn toddler‚ so you have to consistently become the “reasonable” one. Lastly‚ imagine feeling like you must serve and admire your roommate twenty-four hours‚ seven days a week‚ for their happiness. Is this hard to imagine? Unfortunately‚ this could be the reality of an individual living with a person who has a histrionic
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Sociology is the study of society as a whole. It is the study of a human being social life‚ groups and societies. The study is emphasizing the contexts and structures that influence a human being behaviors and actions. In other words‚ looking at our social structure things that exist outside of our control. That is something a sociologist does‚ it is someone who studies society and social behavior and they do this by examining the cultures‚ groups‚ organizations‚ social institutions‚ and processes
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The concept of establishing a relationship between the therapist and client traces back to psychoanalytic theory written by Freud (1912). He believed in encouraging positive transference to help patients achieve self-awareness and thus maintain the motivation to continue collaborating with the therapist (Corey‚ 2005). More famously known for his theory on emphasizing the importance of developing a trusting relationship between the therapist and client is Carl Rogers. Rogers (1957) believed that the
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When a person needs help or advice they sometimes seek the assistance of a counselor. Counselors use communication skills and their knowledge of psychology to assist their clients. There are many known psychotherapeutic approaches that are recognized and used by different counselors. Each counselor has their own style and incorporates their own personality into how they treat their patients. It is very important for counselors to be familiar with different approaches because each client is different
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John’s core psychodynamic problem is depression. The central conflict involves his sense of loss and abandonment‚ with the desire to obtain healthy and meaningful relationships‚ but his tendency to feel uncomfortable and isolate when around other people. John shared his memory and knowledge of his father’s death and described it with an indifferent affect. Therefore‚ it appeared evident that he may have suppressed anger‚ sense of loss‚ and/or feelings of abandonment. Moreover‚ John described
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It is widely known that unhelpful thinking in the form of dysfunctional beliefs and/or cognitive distortions is just like any other automatically occurring bad habit; with practice and effort‚ people can become more aware of what is happening in their minds and change how they are thinking for the better. Cognitive restructuring therapy‚ also known as cognitive reframing‚ is a technique drawn from cognitive therapy that can help people identify‚ challenge and alter stress-inducing thought patterns
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Behaviorism is the theory or doctrine that human or animal psychology can be accurately studied only through the examination and analysis of objectively observable and quantifiable behavioral events‚ in contrast with subjective mental states. Behaviorism is word wide that assumes a learner is essentialy passive‚ responding to environment stimuli. The learner starts at a clean state and behavior is shaped through positive reinforcement or negative reinforcement. Both
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INTRODUCTION Constructive Psychotherapy is a theory that suggested that people constructed their own realities and found meaning based on life experience. Granvold (1996) shared that constructivism focused on human meaning making and promotes a person’s proactive participation in his or her life in order to create change. Constructivism is a process to help client understand present experiences‚ emotions and perceptions and how these elements are affected by events from the past‚ and how we make
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Theoretical Framework As stated from the website of philosophy.about.com‚ "Honesty requires an understanding of how our actions do or do not fit within rules and expectations of the Other- where the latter stands for any person we feel obliged to report to‚ including ourselves." In order to understand such actions‚ one must know the origin of the concept of understanding. Sigmund Freud’s personality theory‚ the Classical Psychoanalysis‚ will help to strengthen this study‚ through explaining the
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