4. Clause combining 2 1.1 Defining Modality • Three main types of modality: Potential Necessity Likelihood Possibility (be possible) Probability (be probable) Certainty (be certain) Requirement Permission (be allowed to) Advisability (be to your advantage to) Obligation (be obliged to) Volition Ability (be able to) Inclination (be willing to) Promise/Intention (be going to) 1 1. Modality 1.1 Modality: excercise 4. Clause combining
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An adverb can modify a verb‚ an adjective‚ another adverb‚ a phrase‚ or a clause. An adverb indicates manner‚ time‚ place‚ cause‚ or degree and answers questions such as "how‚" "when‚" "where‚" "how much". While some adverbs can be identified by their characteristic "ly" suffix‚ most of them must be identified by untangling the grammatical relationships within the sentence or clause as a whole. Unlike an adjective‚ an adverb can be found in various places within the sentence. In the following examples
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varieties in grammar; national standards of English; grammatical differences between British and American English 2) Word classes and conversion 3) Morphological elements (morphemes‚ morphs‚ allomorphs‚ words) and syntactic elements (sentences‚ clauses‚ phrases); obligatory and optional synstactic elements 4) Phrases and their composition (phrase elements); premodifiers and postmodifiers in noun phrases and other phrase types; prederminers‚ central determiners‚ posdeterminers in noun phrases
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THE PREDICATIVE COMPLEXES Predicative complexes (or constructions) are structures intermediate between a phrase and a clause. Unlike phrases they contain two words I which semantically are in subject-predicate relations to one another‚ as one (the nominal part) denotes the doer of the action or the bearer of the state or quality‚ while the other (the predicated part) may be either verbal (an infinitive‚ a participle‚ a gerund) or non-verbal (an adjective‚ a stative‚ an adverb‚ a noun). But in most
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Б. А. ИЛЬИШ Строй современного английского языка Учебник по курсу теоретической грамматики для студентов педагогических институтов (на английском языке) ИЗДАНИЕ ВТОРОЕ ИЗДАТЕЛЬСТВО „ПРОСВЕЩЕНИЕ" ЛЕНИНГРАДСКОЕ ОТДЕЛЕНИЕ ЛЕНИНГРАД 1971 Сканирование‚ распознавание‚ вычитка: Аркадий Куракин‚ г. Николаев‚ июль 2004 г. {ark # mksat. net} Только для использования с некоммерческой целью студентами и преподавателями в учебном процессе. Орфография из ам
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UNIVERSITY OF GOTHENBURG Department of Languages and Literatures / English Autumn 2010 ENGLISH GRAMMAR (EN1A01 & EN1A04) Theoretical background‚ exercises and study questions by Andreas Nordin ENGLISH GRAMMAR (EN1A01 & EN1A04) Theoretical background‚ exercises and study questions This compendium accompanies the 3rd edition of Greenbaum & Nelson‚ An Introduction to English Grammar (Longman). The compendium provides additional theoretical discussions of certain topics of English grammar
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LECTURE 7: SYNTAX. BASIC SYNTACTIC NOTIONS. 1.General characteristics of syntax. The grammatical structure of language comprises two major parts – morphology and syntax. The two areas are obviously interdependent and together they constitute the study of grammar. Morphology deals with paradigmatic and syntagmatic properties of morphological units – morphemes and words. It is concerned with the internal structure of words and their relationship to other words and word forms within the paradigm
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substitutable for a noun and marked for a person 6. Preposition: a part of speech placed before other words in composition and in syntax 7. Adverb: a part of speech without inflection‚ in modification of or in addition to a verb‚ adjective‚ clause‚ sentence‚ or other adverb 8.
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Phrasal-prepositional verbs Multi-word verbs compared to verb + PP combinations Intransitive verbs Intransitive vs. causative verbs Copula constructions Different phrase types used as complement Refrences Verb complementation types A clause consists basically of the predicate verb and its complements (additional expressions needed to ‘complete’ the sense of the main verb). The relationship between the main verb and its complements reflects the relationship between an action‚ the participants in
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astronomy‚ he feels bored in this lecture class. The narrator simply loves the beauty of nature. However‚ when nature is approached with a scientific perspective‚ it changes his view from interesting to boring. The first four lines are adverbial “when” clauses: when
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