Lydia Lam – 10849469 – Tut1‚ 07 – 2:00 – 3:00pm A) Deegan explains that an agency relationship arises when the principal delegates the decision-making authority to an agent. An example of such a relationship is when the owner of a company delegates the decision-making authority to the manager. The costs of divergent behaviour that arises as a result of the agency relationship are referred to as agency costs. Furthermore‚ Watts and Zimmerman (1978) developed the theory of positive accounting which
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THE JOURNAL OF FINANCE • VOL. LIII‚ NO. 4 • AUGUST 1998 Agency Costs‚ Risk Management‚ and Capital Structure HAYNE E. LELAND* ABSTRACT The joint determination of capital structure and investment risk is examined. Optimal capital structure ref lects both the tax advantages of debt less default costs ~Modigliani and Miller ~1958‚ 1963!!‚ and the agency costs resulting from asset substitution ~Jensen and Meckling ~1976!!. Agency costs restrict leverage and debt maturity and increase yield spreads
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Impact of two agency problems on the cost of capital Tung-Hsiao Yang* Current Version: September 10‚ 2008 * Assistant Professor of Finance‚ National Chung Hsing University‚ Department of Finance‚ No. 250‚ Kuo Kuang Rd.‚ Taichung 40227‚ Taiwan‚ tyang1@nchu.edu.tw. The author thanks National Science Council for financial support in this project‚ NSC96-2416-H-005-026. The Impact of two agency problems on the cost of capital Abstract We test the relation between the cost of capital and
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Equity Equity means social justice or fairness; it is an ethical concept‚ grounded in principles of distributive justice.39–[->0]42[->1] Equity in health can be—and has widely been—defined as the absence of socially unjust or unfair health disparities.1‚[->2]6[->3] However‚ because social justice and fairness can be interpreted differently by different people in different settings‚ a definition is needed that can be operationalised based on measurable criteria. For the purposes of operationalisation
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goals‚ Midland must calculate an appropriate cost of capital that will allow reasonable valuations of their strategies. In funding overseas growth‚ Midland must use its cost of capital to analyze‚ evaluate‚ and convert foreign cash flows. In evaluating value-adding projects‚ the cost of capital must be used to discount project cash flows. To optimize its capital structure‚ the company must continuously evaluate its ideal borrowing based on its inherent cost. Lastly‚ when deciding when and how to repurchase
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Equity Costs: Some Conventions on Using the CAPM1 One of the starkest contrasts in finance is found in comparing the elegance of capital-asset pricing theory with the coarseness of its application. Although the capital-asset pricing model (CAPM) is well understood‚ the theory says nothing about which risk-free rates‚ market premia‚ and betas to use in the model. Possibilities abound‚ and any sampling of academicians and practitioners will summon up many combinations and permutations of methods
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Equity In accounting and finance‚ equity is the residual value or interest of the most junior class of investors in assets‚ after all liabilities are paid; if liability exceeds assets‚ negative equity exists. In an accounting context‚ shareholders’ equity (or stockholders’ equity‚ shareholders’ funds‚ shareholders’ capital or similar terms) represents the remaining interest in the assets of a company‚ spread among individual shareholders of common or preferred stock; a negative shareholders’ equity
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................. 4 3.1 Cornerstones of dividend policy ................................................................................................. 4 3.2 Equity Agency Cost Theory........................................................................................................ 5 3.3 Remedies to Agency Conflicts and their Costs ........................................................................... 5 3.4 Jensen’s Free Cash Flow Hypothesis ..........................................
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The word ‘equity’ can be seen to have a wide range of meanings- to many it is a synonym for ‘fairness’ or justice’. Those within the legal community recognise equity as the body of rules developed and applied by the Court of Chancery; a court previously presided over by the Lord Chancellor with rules developed under his authority. The law of equity developed due to the inflexibility of the common law. Before the development of equity‚ The law was rigid (which was often cited as a weakness) for example
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The Agency Cost Problem or Principal-Agent Problem‚ which is believed‚ arises from the separation of ownership and control‚ could be mitigated in many ways. In their paper Jensen and Meckling (1976) mention that if a company fully owned by its managers‚ they will work on maximizing its value. But if a fraction of this equity owned by managers is sold to outsiders‚ the risk borne by them now will have fewer fractions than before. This will be one of the main reasons for management to act on maximizing
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