Introduction Reactions don’t always produce the same product‚ even if the reactants are kept constant. Some reactions have the capacity to produce two or more different products‚ depending on the reaction conditions and control such as thermodynamic and kinetic control. Thermodynamic control produces more stable products (University of Windsor‚ 2015). A kinetic control forms products at a faster rate faster rate because of its lower activation energy (UC Davis ChemWiki‚ 2015). By manipulating these
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peak at around 500 and 700 nm which is a good indicator that that would-be chlorophyll b. This makes sense because this was the bottom band from the thin layer chromatography and chlorophyll b is the most polar compound. Chlorophyll B contains an aldehyde where chlorophyll A has a methyl group making it slightly more polar. Following that‚ figure 4 contains
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Introduction: The carbohydrates (“hydrates of carbon”) are one of the important classed of organic compounds that are composed of the three elements of carbon‚ hydrogen‚ and oxygen. These three elements are bonded in such a way that a number of alcohol groups (‐OH) occur along with aldehyde (‐CHO) or ketone (C=O) group. A simple sugar such as glucose is an example of a carbohydrate with some of these structures. Glucose exists almost entirely in the cyclic form. Two forms of ‐glucose The most important simple carbohydrate is glucose
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Alloy - An alloy is a substance made by melting two or more elements together‚ at least one of them a metal. An Example: Examples of alloys include brass‚ bronze‚ 14k gold‚ and sterling silver. covalent bond - A covalent bond is a chemical link between two atoms in which electrons are shared between them. An Example: There is covalent between the oxygen and each hydrogen in (H 2 O). Each of the bonds contains two electrons - one from a hydrogen atom and one from the oxygen atom. Both atoms
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Chapter I: Background of the study: Nowadays people are focusing in herbal plants especially those who are common in the environment. One of the example is the guava plant (Psidium guajava Linn). Based on research this plant is good for healing and treating wounds and other skin infections. So in my research I wan’t to make a bathing soap out of it‚ cause I know that it is effective. People‚ researchers‚ scientists were focusing to medicinal plants. They want to prove that there are plants
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The Nature of biology and science Cell theory: * All organisms are made of cells and the products of cells * All cells come from pre-existing cells * The cell is the smallest organisational unit Cells have an outer membrane‚ encloses fluid contents of cell (cytoplasm) Robert Hooke (1665): observed dead cells from bark Anton van Leeuwenhoek: described living cells Matthias Schleiden: plant issues Theodor Schwann: animal tissues Bacteria found without nucleus and lacking other membrane-bound
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visual lures such as anthocyanin pigments‚ and nectar bribes. The rim of the pitcher (peristome) is slippery‚ when moistened by condensation or nectar‚ causing insects to fall into the trap. Pitcher plants may also contain waxy scales‚ protruding aldehyde crystals‚ cuticular folds‚ downward pointing hairs‚ or guard-cell-originating lunate cells on the inside of the pitcher to ensure that insects cannot climb out.[1] The small bodies of liquid contained within the pitcher traps are called phytotelmata
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Topic Acid-Base Theory (Unit 1) Acid-Base Theory (Unit 2) Isomerism (Unit 1) Isomerism (Unit 2) Nomenclature Reaction Mechanism (Unit 1) - Introduction to Mechanism Reaction Mechanism (Unit 2) - Nucleophilic substitution Reaction Mechanism (Unit 3) - Nucleophilic substitution Reaction Mechanism (Unit 4) - Nucleophilic substitution Reaction Mechanism (Unit 5) - Nucleophilic substitution Reaction Mechanism (Unit 6) - Nucleophilic substitution Reaction Mechanism (Unit 7) - Elimination Reaction Mechanism
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Comment: Treat a Grignard reagent as an alkyl nucleophile i.e. CH3MgBr is equivalent to CH3- nucleophile. The Grignard reagent can also react with RX to form a longer chain alkane. Example: CH3CH2MgBr + CH3CH2Br CH3CH2CH2CH3 + MgBr2 In general‚ basicity parallels nucleophilic strength since both of them depend on the availability of the lone pair of electrons. The Grignard reagent is not only able to function as a nucleophile; it can operate as a base too by reacting with water to
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Discussion: In this experiment a ketone‚ 9-fluorenone is reduced to and alcohol. The are two possible ways by which this reduction can occur. One is by a catalytic hydrogenation‚ this uses a catalyst such as palladium or nickel‚ hydrogen gas‚ and heat/pressure. This can reduced an alkane to alkene. This catalytic process is preferred in industrial practices because the cost is low in the long run and more importantly there is little to no waste expense. However‚ hydrogen gas is dangerous due to
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