Classification Tests for Carboxylic Acid and Derivatives Mary Catherine Sarte‚ John Emmanuel Sy‚ Allurie Umel‚Franklin Yap‚ Mary Christine YouIntroduction Carboxylic acids derivatives are simply groupsof compounds that contain a carbonyl group butwith an electronegative atom attached to thecarbon. The difference in the structure leads to amajor change in reactivity. The reactions of thesegroups of compounds involve nucleophilicsubstitution. Although there are abundant kindsof carboxylic acid derivatives
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Chapter 4 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life Lecture Outline Overview: Carbon – The Backbone of Biological Molecules * Although cells are 70–95% water‚ the rest consists mostly of carbon-based compounds. * Carbon is unparalleled in its ability to form large‚ complex‚ and diverse molecules. * Carbon accounts for the diversity of biological molecules and has made possible the great diversity of living things. * Proteins‚ DNA‚ carbohydrates‚ and other molecules that
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formation of an ylide. An ylide is a compound where one atom contains a negative charge and another atom holds a positive charge. Both the positive and negative charges are contained on the same molecule. When an α-diazocarbonyl compound reacts with an aldehyde or ketone‚ the carbonyl acts as a nucleophile and will attack the electron-deficient carbene centre [7]. This will form an ylide. In the α-diazocarbonyl compound‚ the carbonyl carbon is negatively polarised due to the N2
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IODINE TEST FOR STARCH The Iodine test is used to test for the presence of starch. Iodine solution — iodine dissolved in an aqueous solution of potassium iodide — reacts with the starch producing a purple black color. The colour can be detected visually with concentrations of iodine as low as 0.00002M at 20°C. However the intensity of the colour decreases with increasing temperature and with the presence of water-miscible‚ organic solvents such as ethanol. Also the test cannot be done at very low
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replace by an active metal; dehydration cause the production of unsaturated compounds of ether; and the OH may be replaceed by other functional groups. The production of oxidation depends on the class of the alcohol. Primary alcohols oxidize to aldehydes and secondary alcohols oxidize to ketones. Tertiary alcohol do not oxidize readily and they give produce containing fewer carbon atoms than the original compound. Alcohol is popular for the most part less expensive than drugs
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cosmetics‚ food and flavor‚ and agriculture industries. Cymbopogon grasses are cultivated on large scale‚ especially in tropics and subtropics ( Akhila‚ 2010). Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf possesses strong lemony odor due to its high content of the aldehyde citral‚ which has two geometric isomers‚ geranial (citral a) and neral (citral b) ( Shahi et al.‚ 2005). Normally‚ one isomer does not occur without the other. In
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How to Review for the MCAT You want to review for the MCAT in the most efficient way. First‚ review only the topics that will be on the exam. Second‚ review these exam topics with the test in mind. What this means is that you must do content review in conjunction with working real exam questions. If you just do content review alone‚ then you’ll end up forgetting most of what you went over. However‚ if you work MCAT problems while doing content review‚ you’ll retain most of what you learned. Incidentally
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chemical analysis namely Dichromate test‚ Tollen’s test‚ Lucas test‚ DNPH test‚ and Iodoform test. Each test will determine if the unknown sample will have the same reaction as to the standards‚ showing the identity of the compound. The unknown can be aldehyde‚ ketone‚ primary (1o)‚ secondary (2o)‚ or tertiary (3o) alcohol. Introduction Background Objective Results and Discussion Principle behind the experimental design Results are tabulated and with table number and title Graph‚ Drawings (Figure
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ions Reagent/ Condition; Reaction | Explanation | Oxygen supply; Combustion | Limited supply of oxygen: CO formed.Even less Oxygen: C is deposited as soot. Excess Oxygen: Complete combustion (giving CO2 and H2O) | Al2 O3 and vaporisation of alkane at 500°C; Cracking of Alkanes | Al2 O3 is used as a catalyst. Heat provides energy for breakage of C-C bonds. | UV light; Initiation step of FRS of alkanes by halogens * Not required for electrophilic addition reaction btw Halogens and alkenes
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Quiz 1 (not limited to the topics below) 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) Acids and Bases Conformations of Alkanes and Cycloalkanes Alcohols and Alkyl halides Elimination Reactions of Alkenes SN1 and SN2 Aromaticity and Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Aldehydes and Ketones Enols and Enolates 6 Project Presentation Search the literature for work on pericyclic reaction or rearrangement Make a summary of the work and do a 15 minutes presentation‚ followed by 5 min Q & A. Include in your presentation
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