Chapter 1: Biology- The study of life A Hierarchy of Organization 1. Molecules 2. Organelle 3. Cell 4. Tissue 5. Organ 6. Organism Emergent Properties- Novel properties that emerge as each step up the hierarchy of biological order is taken. Reductionism- Reducing complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study. Cells- The lowest level of structure capable of performing all the activities of life‚ all organisms are composed of cells which are the basic units of structure
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Chapter 3 3.1 Identify the functional groups in each of the following molecules: O C NH2 H N O C OH H C CH2 (a) (b) O (c) Solutions: a. b. c. d. Amide‚ double bond Amine‚ carboxylic acid Double bond‚ ketone‚ ester O OCH3 (d) CH2OH Aromatic ring‚ double bond‚ alcohol (a) Alcohol (d) Amine (b) Aromatic ring (e) both ketone and amine (c) Carboxylic acid (f) two double bonds 3.2 Propose structures for simple molecules that contain the following functional groups:
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Food adulteration is the act of intentionally debasing the quality of food offered for sale either by the admixture or substitution of inferior substances or by the removal of some valuable ingredient. Food is declared adulterated if: • a substance is added which depreciates or injuriously affects it • cheaper or inferior substances are substituted wholly or in part • any valuable or necessary constituent has been wholly or in part abstracted • it is an imitation • it is coloured
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Carbohydrates‚ Proteins‚ lipids‚ and nucleic Acid Lab Exercise 6 Date: 9/17/12 Bio 102-11 Purpose the purpose of this experiment was to perform test to detect the presence of carbohydrates‚ proteins‚ lipids‚ and nucleic acids. Explain the importance of a positive and a negative control in biochemical test. Use biochemical test to identify an unknown compound. Background Most organic compounds in living organisms are carbohydrates‚ proteins‚ lipids‚ and nucleic acids they are called macromolecules
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THE EFFECT OF PAPAYA EXTRACT IN SEED GERMINATION OF MONGO SEEDS I. INTRODUCTION The angiosperm‚ or flowering-plants‚ from the Greek word Angein means vessel or receptacle‚ makes up the most adundant and dominant group in the kingdom plantae. From grasses to cacti‚ from tiny herbs and wild flowers to large maple trees and oaks‚ considering all plants familiar to you are majority belongs to these group. (Moses‚ P.B.‚ Chua N-H‚ 1988) In angiosperms‚ flower is the crucial site where sexual reproduction
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Carbohydrates General molecular formula Cn(H2O)n Appeared to be hydrates of carbon. not all carbohydrates have this empirical formula: deoxysugars‚ aminosugars Carbohydrate - polyhydroxy aldehyde‚ ketones. General characteristics Most carbohydrates are found naturally in bound form rather than as simple sugars Polysaccharides (starch‚ cellulose‚ inulin‚ gums) Glycoproteins and proteoglycans (hormones‚ blood group substances‚ antibodies) Glycolipids
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ABSTRACT Nature has been a source of medicinal agents for thousands of years and an impressive number of modern drugs have been isolated from natural sources Plants used for traditional medicine contain a wide range of substances that can be used to treat chronic as well as infectious diseases. Clinical microbiologists have great interest in screening of plants for antimicrobial activities and phytochemicals as potential new therapeutics. The use of plant extract for medical treatments is enjoying
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| There are a number of functional groups in biological molecules. Which of the following statements about their presence in different classes of molecules is most accurate? | | A. | Hydroxyl groups are only present in carbohydrates. | B. | Aldehyde groups are common in proteins. | C. | Amino groups may be found in modified carbohydrates as well as in proteins. | D. | Carboxyl groups are found only in small molecules. | E. | Sulfhydryl groups are common in fats. | | Incorrect See Section
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Chromatography • • • Separation based on polarity of compounds Two potential phases for a compound to exist in: mobile and stationary Partitioning of compounds between mobile phase and stationary phase occurs: o Compounds that are less polar move more in the mobile phase‚ those that are more polar “stick” more on the stationary phase o These polarity differences cause compounds move at different rates and therefore can be separated 1. Mobile Phase: the phase the moves; can be gas or
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and many other groups besides nitro may be introduced into the ring. Although the reaction produced a low yield at the end‚ the yield is calculated from the reaction and limiting reagent. Keywords: electrophilic aromatic substitution‚ nitration‚ aldehyde‚ nitrating group Introduction Electrophilic substitution happens in many of the reactions of compounds containing benzene rings - the arenes. Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution is a reaction in which the hydrogen atom of an aromatic ring is
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