Syllabus for GPAT - 2013 PHARMACEUTICS Introduction to Physical pharmacy Matter‚ Properties of Matter: State of matter‚ change in the state of matter‚ latent heats and vapor pressure‚ sublimationcritical point‚ Eutectic mixtures‚ gases‚ aerosols-inhalers‚ relative humidity‚ liquid. Complexes‚ liquid crystals‚ glassy state‚ solids- crystalline‚ amorphous and polymorphism. Micromeretics and Powder Rheology: Particle size and distribution‚ average particle size‚ number and weight distribution‚ particle
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endorphins‚ creating a sense of well-being; the characteristic euphoria has been described as an “orgasm” centered in the gut. One of the most common methods of heroin use is via intravenous injection. 2. Cocaine Cocaine is a crystalline tropane alkaloid that is obtained from the leaves of the coca plant. It is both a stimulant of the central nervous system and an appetite suppressant‚ giving rise to what has been described as a euphoric sense of happiness and increased energy. It is most often used
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containing swainsonine. Studies show that animals that ingest this alkaloid “show signs of depression‚ a slow staggering gait‚ rough coat‚ dull eyes with a staring look‚ emaciation‚ muscular incoordination‚ and nervousness…may have difficulty eating and drinking”(Krakauer 194). Unfortunately‚ Chris consumed potato seeds that contained swainsonine‚ causing him to grow weaker and weaker until he passed away in the Alaskan wild. This alkaloid causes anyone who consumes it to starve‚ no matter how much they
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Related Literature LAGUNDI or VITEX NEGUNDO Lagundi or Vitex negundo is a large shrub native to the Philippines that has been used as a traditional herbal medicine for centuries. Research conducted by the Philippine Department of Health has suggested that the plant has a number of practical uses‚ and its use is actively promoted by the government as a result. Outside of the Philippines‚ preparations of lagundi are sometimes available at stores which supply herbal medicines‚ or through practitioners
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Switzerland as part of a large research program searching for medically useful ergot alkaloid derivatives. LSD’s psychedelic properties were discovered 5 years later when Hofmann himself accidentally ingested an unknown quantity of the chemical. The first intentional ingestion of LSD occurred on April 19‚ 1943‚ when Hofmann ingested 250 mg of LSD. He said this would be a threshold dose based on the dosages of other ergot alkaloids. Hofmann found the effects to be much stronger than he anticipated. Sandoz Laboratories
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is not pure caffeine. It also has other natural substances. The purpose of this lab was to isolate caffeine from tea leaves. The methylene chloride removed nearly pure caffeine from the basic tea solution. Caffeine is a white‚ crystalline‚ bitter alkaloid‚ C8H10N4O2 ‚ usually derived from coffee or tea. Caffeine is used in medicine chiefly as a nervous system stimulant. Caffeine is used by humans to ward off drowsiness and restore alertness. Caffeine constitutes as much as 5% by weight of the leaf
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those who want to go on a diet. * Tobacco industry provides jobs for many. It is important for economic development and growth. * Farmers reap profits by growing tobacco and selling it. * Tobacco produces a natural neurotoxin known as alkaloid nicotine‚ which when combined with other ingredients can be used for pest control. * Carbon monoxide is released into the bloodstream while smoking. In case the amount is too much‚ it can be lethal. But in small amounts‚ it can prevent blood
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MOLECULAR FARMING INTRODUCTION Biotechnology in agriculture has two categories: 1. “Improvements” to existing livestock and crops‚ and 2. Development of entirely new uses for both animals and plants (biopharming). “Improvements"‚ include ‘input traits’ such as crops with extra resistance to insect attack‚ improved weed control‚ increase the plants tolerance to cold‚ drought and other environmental factor. Ex "Roundup ready" soya‚ "Starlite" corn‚ or "Frost-tolerant" tomatoes. WHY PLANTS
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antimicrobials. Traditional healers have long used plants to prevent or cure infectious conditions; Western medicine is trying to duplicate their successes. Plants are rich in a wide variety of secondary metabolites‚ such as tannins‚ terpenoids‚ alkaloids‚ and flavonoids‚ which have been found in vitro to have antimicrobial properties. This review attempts to summarize the current status of botanical screening efforts‚ as well as in vivo studies of their effectiveness and toxicity. The structure and
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(precise name is 1‚ 3‚ 7-trimethylxanthine or 3‚ 7-dihydro-1‚ 3‚ 7-trimethyl-1H-purine-2‚ 6-Dione). It has a molar mass of 194.19 grams. Caffeine fits in with the heterocyclic compound otherwise called purines‚ caffeine can likewise be delegated an alkaloid. The concoction is otherwise called caffeine‚ thane‚ matinée‚ guanine‚ or methyl theobromine. Caffeine is actually delivered by a few plants‚ including espresso beans‚ guarana‚ yerba maté‚ cacao beans‚ and tea. For the plants‚ caffeine goes about
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