SYLLABUS – ADVANCED PLACEMENT CHEMISTRY Required Texts 1. Chemistry: The Central Science by Brown‚ LeMay and Bursten‚ 10th ed.‚ Pearson Education. Inc.‚ Upper Saddle River‚ NJ‚ 2006‚ ISBN: 0131464892 Includes: Text book‚ Laboratory Manual‚ Student Study Guide‚ AP Test Prep Series‚ Solutions to Practice Problems 2. Barrons AP Chemistry‚ Jespersen‚ Neil D‚ 4th ed.‚ Barron’s Educational Series‚ Inc‚ 250 Wireless Boulevard‚ Hauppauge‚ New York 11788
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Alkynes are colorless and insoluble in water. The lower the members of alkynes (acetylene‚ allylene‚ and crotonylene) are gases. The homology from carbon number 5 to 15 (C5H8 to C15 H28) are liquid and the higher members are solid. Acetylene possesses a pleasant odor when pure. The impure acetylene contains phosphine‚ hydrogen sulphide etc and hence smells bad. Acetylene can be liqiufied at 0°C under 48 Torrs of pressure. The melting point of Acetylene is -81.8°C and boiling point -83.4°C. It is
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variety of methods to examine the physical and chemical properties of hydrocarbons. The first experiment we tested a variety of solvents to see if they dissolved our alkane (Decalin). One would expect that non-polar solvents will dissolve alkanes because they are non polar as well 1. If the solvent did not dissolve in the alkane we heated the solution with a heat gun‚ because higher temperature increases solubility because energy in the form of heat can break bonds and allow for the molecules to
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IMPORTANT TOPICS OF CHEMISTRY 2009 Chap No.1 Q.1- Define chemistry & branches of chemistry any three? Q.2-Lrean about history of chemistry for short question and fill in the blanks? Q.3 what is scientific method? Define hypothesis and theory? CHAP NO.2 Q.1-Learns about any three laws of chemical combination only statement and example? Q.2-Define chemical reaction and types of chemical reaction with one example for each with the help of chemical equation? Q.3-Define MOLE‚ Atomic no
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covalent bonds. Alkanes Alkanes are hydrocarbons‚ which are molecules that contain only carbon and hydrogen. They are made up of carbon atoms linked together by only single covalent bonds and are known as saturated hydrocarbons. Many alkanes are obtained from crude oil by fractional distillation. The smallest alkanes are used extensively as fuels. Apart from burning‚ however‚ they are remarkably unreactive. Alkane Methane Ethane Propane Butane Pentane Alkene Ethene Propene
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a group attached that is not easily named as a substituent‚ the benzene ring is often treated as a group to this substituent. The benzene ring attachment is called a phenyl group. The compound is named according to the rules for naming alkanes‚ alkenes and alkynes. Trivia: Phenyl comes from “phene”‚ a European term used during the 1800’s for benzene. Example: CH2 = CH – CH – CH3 3- Phenyl-1-butene Substituted benzene: position and name substituent/s (alphabetical) + benzene Note 1: When
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dienophile is an electron-deficient alkene. The Diels-Alder is also called a [4+2] cycloaddition because a ring is formed by the interaction of four pi electrons of the alkene with two pi electrons of the alkene or alkyne. The product of the Diels-Alder reaction is usually a structure that contains a cyclohexene ring system. The mechanism of the reaction involves a cyclic flow of electrons in a single step in which the diene‚ supplies 4 π electrons and the alkene or alkyne‚ also called the dienophile
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Alexandra Smith May 27‚ 2012 Cracking Aim: The aim of this experiment is break a larger alkane into smaller alkanes and alkenes. Theory: Fuels made from oil mixtures containing large hydrocarbon molecules are not efficient. They do not flow easily and are difficult to ignite. Crude oil often contains too many large hydrocarbon molecules and not enough small hydrocarbon molecules to meet demand. Cracking allows large hydrocarbon molecules to be broken down into smaller‚ more
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of organic compounds‚ when arranged in the ascending order of molecular mass‚ such that they differ by 14 amu or a – CH2 group are called homologous. 16. Alkanes (saturated hydrocarbons) : Compounds of carbon and hydrogen‚ in which all the valencies of carbon atoms are satisfied by single covalent bonds are called saturated hydrocarbons or alkanes. 1. Covalent bond or Molecular bond or Homopolar bond : A chemical bond formed between two non-metallic elements by the mutual sharing of one or more
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electrons Alkanes all have different boiling points dependent on the length of the carbon chain in the molecule. The smaller chains ie. the most volatile hydrocarbons will leave at the top of the column as gases because they have the lowest boiling points. Within each fraction there is also a mixture of hydrocarbons‚ the chain length isn’t the same. This is due to branched chains having different boiling points to straight chains Suggest how cracking can be used to obtain more useful alkanes and alkenes
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