Analysis of Alcohols‚ Aldehydes and Ketones Karl Wayne Mancao‚ Raphaell Mordeno‚ Andres Pastrana III*‚ and Shannen Peñaverde Department of Biology‚ University of Santo Tomas‚ Manila‚ Philippines Abstract The proponents have done several tests for identifying alcohols‚ aldehydes and ketones. These tests are Dichromate test‚ Tollens test‚ Lucas test‚ DNPH test and Iodoform test. Three samples got positive result in dichromate test and one in Tollens test. Lucas test got one sample that has
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L-6 MCQ (A) MCQs of the Textual Exercise 1) In haloalkane _________ bond is formed between carbon and halogen. (a) Ionic (b) van der Waals (c) Covalent (d) hydrogen 2) In haloarene compounds‚ halogen combines with carbon having which hybridization? (a) sp2 (b) sp3 (c) sp (d)dsp2 3) In haloalkane‚ carbon in C-X bond possesses which partial electric charge? (a) Charge less (b) positive (c) negative (d) anionic 4) Which of the following bonds is the strongest?
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Amides R – N – H \ H R – C=O \NH2 Sulfhydryl Thiols R – SH Phosphate Organic phosphates (double bond between O and P) O R – O – P – O O Alkanes (single carbon bonds) R – C – C – H Alkenes (double carbon bonds) R – C = C – H Alkynes (triple carbon bonds) R – C = C - H Ester linkage (double bond between O and C) O R – C – O – R Ether linkage R – O – R Biochemical Molecules (Macromolecules) Carbohydrates
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halides‚ etc) * When there is an –anoic acid‚ it is always attached to carbon 1. Structural isomers: It is when a molecule has the same molecular formula (eg. C6H12O6) but looks different and can be drawn in different ways. PROPERTIES: Alkanes: * Formula CnH2n+2 * Saturated (no double or triple bonds) hydrocarbons – a good way to remember this: saturated in hydrogens * Melting and boiling points low but will increase as molecule gets bigger (the intermolecular bonds are strengthened)
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* Introduction to Organic Chemistry Understand the basis of drawing organic structures Depicting 3-D structures in 2-D Most organic compounds have a three-dimensional structure. How do we represent structures on our two-dimensional page? For example‚ methane is a tetrahedral molecule: Bonds in the plane of the paper: Bonds coming towards the observer: (out of the page) Bonds going away
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1. (a) Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons.explain the words saturated and hydrocarbons. (b) Alkanes are generally unreactive. Explain why this is so. (c) write balanced equations for the complete combustion of: (i) methane (ii) ethane. 2. Use the passage below and your knowledge to answer the questions that follow. Methane reacts with bromine to give bromomethane and hydrogen bromide. The mechanism for the reaction is called free-radical substitution and involves
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baeyer’s test‚the alkane which is heptanes will not undergo the oxidation reaction with potassium permanganate due to saturate bond .Thus‚will forming two layer will form which the solution does not mix.While on the other hand‚2-pentene will react with sulphuric acid to form penta-2‚3-diol.The purple color of KmnO4 will change to brown CH3CH=CHCH2CH3 + KMnO4 (cold) ---> CH3CH2(OH)CH2(OH)CH2CH3 For the experiment between alkane and alkene that react with sulphuric acid‚alkene which is 2-pentene
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HOMOLOGOUS SERIES | ALKANE | ALKENE | ALCOHOL | CARBOXYLIC ACID | ESTER | GENERAL FORMULA | CnH2n+2‚ where n= 1‚2‚3‚.. | CnH2n‚ where n= 2‚3‚4‚.. | CnH2n+1OH‚ where n= 1‚2‚3 | CnH2n+1COOH‚ where n= -0‚1‚2‚3‚.. | CnH2n+1COOCmH2m+1‚ where n= 0‚1‚2‚3‚.. and m= 1‚2‚3‚.. | PHYSICAL PROPERTIES | * MP & BP Size of hydrocarbon molecules inc‚ f.o.a inc‚ more heat overcome f.o.a * Density Mass per molecule inc faster than volume per molecule * Gas – liquidSize of hydrocarbon molecule inc‚ f
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substances. Crude oil is also a naturally occurring hydrocarbon. Hydrocarbons are molecules that contain hydrogen and carbon and come in various lengths and structures‚ like rings and straight and branched chains. Petroleum contains many alkanes and alkenes and has several impurities when removed from underneath the earth. Refining petroleum entails both the removal of these impurities and also the separation of petroleum into its various components. The specific method for this separation in crude
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PHYSICAL SCIENCE - REVIEW SUMMARY FOR MID-TERM AND FINAL EXAMS Reference: Exploring Physical Science textbook‚ your notes‚ quizzes and study packs … a supplemental summary of the concepts… use text to add formulas and examples.. Note Bene : The “guiding relationship” used throughout the course: E=MC2 This relationship is the foundation of the laws of conservation of mass and the conservation of energy…. Mass (or energy) can not be created nor destroyed‚ only changed
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