1. Give the following for the compound propane C3H8: (a) Full structural formula (b) Skeletal formula 2. Draw all the possible isomers of hexane C6H14 and give the name of each. 3. Draw the structural formulae for each of the following alkanes: (a) 2‚2- dimethylbutane (b) 2-methyl-4-ethylhexane 4. A student gave the name of a hydrocarbon as 2-methyl-2-ethylbutane. Give the correct name. 5. (a) Draw the structural formula of the most highly branched isomer of octane (b) Suggest
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AS Chemistry Revision-Chemistry for Life 1. Avagadro constant‚ 6.02 x 10²³ number of particles in 1 mole of a substance 2. Empirical formula-simplest ratio of atoms of each element in a compound 3. 4. Model of an atom Particle Mass on relative atomic scale Charge Proton 1 1+ Neutron 1 0 Electron Very small (0.00055) 1- 5. Radioactive isotopes Radiation What is it? Relative charge How does the nucleus change? Stopped by? Deflection in electric field? Alpha α Helium nuclei ⁴₂He +2 2 fewer
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dominated by this effect‚ and usually results in the C-X bond being broken (either in a substitution or elimination process). This reactivity makes alkyl halides useful chemical reagents. Nomenclature According to IUPAC‚ alkyl halides are treated as alkanes with a halogen substituent. The halogen prefixes are Fluoro-‚ Chloro-‚ Bromo- and Iodo-. Examples: H Cl CH3 H F CH2CH3 fluoroethane trans-1-chloro-3-methylcyclopentane Often compounds of CH2X2 type are called methylene halides. (CH2Cl2 is
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No. Wavelength cm -1 Interpretation 1 3500-3400 cm -1 O-H hydroxyl group 2 2900-2850 cm -1 C-H alkanes group 3 1150-1100 cm -1 C-O alcohol‚ ether group FTIR of HPMC Table 9.11: FTIR interpretation analysis of HPMC S. No. Wavelength cm -1 Interpretation 1 3600-3500 cm -1 O-H phenols group 2 2950-2850 cm -1 C-H Alkenes group 3 1400-1300 cm -1 Methyl bonding FTIR analysis of Pantoprazole + HPMC Table 9.12: FTIR interpretation analysis of Pantoprazole
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The E2 reaction performed began by dehydrohalogenating the 3-chloro-3‚ 7-dimethyloctane with potassium hydroxide in aqueous ethanol. The 3-chloro-3‚ 7-dimethyloctane will lose a hydrogen from three different carbons that cause the formation of three constitutional isomers. If the hydroxide ion attacks a hydrogen on the 3-methyl carbon‚ then 2-ethyl-6-methyl-1-heptene will be the product. If a hydrogen on the carbon-2 was attacked‚ then the product would be 3‚ 7-dimethyl-2-octene. If a hydrogen was
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IGCSE PRE-AICE CHEMISTRY 0620 OFFICIAL STUDY GUIDE Notes: To avoid any confusion concerning the symbol for litre‚ dm3 will be used in place of l or litre.Valence electrons are known as valency electrons for this test. Nature of Matter The states of matter are solid‚ liquid‚ and gas‚ in respective order of kinetic energy. State of Matter | Definite Volume | Definite Shape | Solid | Yes | Yes | Liquid | Yes | No | Gas | No | No | Diffusion:
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Fluid Catalytic Cracking Fluid catalytic cracking* (FCC) is the most important conversion process used in petroleum refineries. It is widely used to convert the high-boiling hydrocarbonfractions of petroleum crude oils into more valuable [1][2][3] gasoline‚ olefinic gases and other products. . Cracking of petroleum hydrocarbons for conversion of heavy fractions into lighter fractions was originally done by thermal cracking which has been almost completely replaced by catalytic cracking because
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Publishing‚ Inc. The figures were computer drawn using ChemBioDraw Ultra‚ Copyright 1986-2007 by Cambridge Soft. Alkene: defined by the C-C double bond C C C :O:H Sulfide: carbon groups bounded to a sulfur atom Benzene Ring: a special ring of carbons with alternating single and double bonds‚ has a special degree of stability C S: : C C C C C C C Alkyne: defined by the C-C triple bond Alcohol: characterized by the hydroxy‚ –OH group. It is a very important group in monosaccharides
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Catalysis: Midterm Review LECTURE 1: Sept 6th 2012 What is catalysis‚ Importance of catalysis‚ Industrial relevance‚ presentation of the course What is Catalysis: Catalyst: * catalyst is substance that increases the rate at which a chemical reaction approaches equilibrium‚ but is not consumed in the process * not reagent or product; noted above equation arrow * participates in kinetic equations‚ but not in eq constant Catalytic Cycle: * succession of chemical changes
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and conjugation – theory of resonance‚ structure of alkenes‚ allyl‚ vinyl systems. 4) Acidity‚ basicity and pKa 5) Conformational Analysis - Cyclohexane 6) Stereochemistry – regioselective‚ stereoselective‚ stereospecific 5 Examples of Topics covered for Revision Quiz 1 (not limited to the topics below) 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) Acids and Bases Conformations of Alkanes and Cycloalkanes Alcohols and Alkyl halides Elimination Reactions of Alkenes SN1 and SN2 Aromaticity and Electrophilic Aromatic
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