substituted benzenes towards bromination will be determined‚ where bromine is dissolved in acetic acid. Materials and apparatus Test solutions: 0.2 M solutions in ethyl acetate: Benzene‚ chlorobenzene‚ phenol‚ nitrophenol‚ aniline and acetanilide. Measuring pipettes (5 mL) micro test tubes 0.05 M Br2 in 90% CH3COOH Pasteur pipettes 0.05 M Br2 in cyclohexane II. Schematic Diagram of the Procedure Relative Rates of Bromination Add 2 drops of 0.05 M
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Which of the following is vinyl halide? (a) CH2CL2 (b) CH2= CH-Cl (c) CH = C-Cl (d) 6) What is B in R-OH + PX5 R-X +B+ HX? (a) HPOX3 (b) H3PO3 (c) POX3 (d) H3PO2 7) Which catalyst is used in preparation of bromobenzene by bromination of benzene? (a)FeBr3 (b) HBr (c) AlBr3 (d) Br2 8) By which name the reaction CH3 - Br + Ag- F CH3F + AgBr is known? (a) Grignard (b) Wurtz (c) Fitting (d) Swartz 9) What are nucleophilic reagents according to Lewis theory
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free-radical chain of chlorination of 1-Chlorobutne. Free radical-chains occur because alkanes are chemically unreactive with most agents. However‚ the free-radical chain allows a pathway of certain functional groups like alkyl chloride or bromides. In addition‚ chlorine atoms can possibly be made from molecular chlorine under low to mild conditions with the usage of a catalytic amount of an initiator. Sulfuryl chloride is used in this lab instead of molecular chloride for safety purposes. Free radical
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there is less interaction between solute and solvent. We also differentiated alkanes and alkenes. Alkanes only contain c-c single bonds‚ are saturated‚ and are the least reactive. Alkenes are c=c double bonds‚ more reactive than alkanes‚ and unsaturated. In the next part of the experiment we added bromine to alkenes. This caused an electrophilic halogenation reaction. If the bromine reacted with the alkene the bromine would discolor from orange and turn clear. Experiment Part A) Solubility of
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Under reflux conditions‚ a bromohexane compound is synthesized from 1-hexene and HBr(aq). The desired product‚ 2-bromohexane‚ is analyzed to see if it is produced according to Markovnikov’s rule‚ which states that when an alkene reacts with a hydrogen halide (HBr) to form an alkyl halide‚ the H+ is added to the carbon with a greater number of hydrogen substituents to form a more stable carbocation and the halogen (Br-) is added to the carbon with fewer hydrogen substituents. A heterogeneous mixture
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Introduction to Alkane Nomenclature A. Determining the Priority of Functional Groups. What’s in a name? 3-ethyl-5-(1-methylpropyl)-4‚4-dimethylnonane Too big a subject to cover on one sheet! This paper will focus on alkanes. Determining functional group priority will be the subject of a subsequent sheet. suffix http://masterorganicchemistry.com D. Applying the Lowest Locator Rule F. Dealing With Branched Substituents (the IUPAC Way) Number the chain from one end so as
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Experiment 1: Bromination of Acetanilide1 Precautions: Ethanol is flammable Sodium hypochlorite is an oxidizing agent and releases toxic fumes (handle in fume hood) Acetic acid is corrosive‚ harmful if inhaled‚ flammable and can cause burns (handle in fume hood) Gloves are recommended to avoid chemical contact with skin Reaction Scheme: Conversion of acetanilide to p-bromoacetanilide Procedure: To a 125 mL Erlenmeyer flask containing a mixture of 95% ethanol (6 mL) and acetic acid (5 mL)‚ dissolve
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OBJECTIVE : Elecrophilic Addition to carbon-carbon double bond Stereochemistry of Elecrophilic addition reaction Hydrogenation of double and triple bond Nucleophilic Addition to carbon-carbon double bond Regio and chemoselectivity Addition Reactions • Reaction involving the addition of a molecule or an ion to another molecule • Electrophilic addition – adding species is an electrophile • Nucleophilic addition – adding species is a nucleophile Elecrophilic Addition to carbon-carbon double
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| |Structure and Preparation of Alkenes. | |Elimination Reactions | Summary Alkenes contain the C=C functional group which can be prepared by 1‚2-elimination reactions such as: • dehydration of alcohols (- H2O) or • dehydrohalogenation of alkyl halides (- HX). Zaitsev’s rule indicates that the preferred product is the more highly substituted‚ and therefore more stable alkene. But the rule is not always obeyed
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alcohol like-2-methylcyclohexanol can be dehydrated to form an alkene. In this experiment‚ alcohol was dehydrated by E1 elimination‚ in order to synthesize cyclohexene. First‚ alcohol is protonated by the acid. Second‚ during E1 elimination‚ a carbocation is formed by the removal of an oxonium ion to yield a secondary and a tertiary carbocation. The receiving flask had a few drops of water before beginning the reaction. Upon the addition of 85% phosphoric acid and sulfuric acid and stirring in the
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