zero and the t-butyl chloride has an order of‚ so overall rate order of 1. This is because the change in t-butyl chloride concentration did impact the reaction and the increase in concentration increased the reaction rate and the rate constant. In addition‚ in the t-butyl chloride structure the chlorine is attached to a tertiary carbon so the preferred reaction due to carbocation stability is also
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IGCSE PRE-AICE CHEMISTRY 0620 OFFICIAL STUDY GUIDE Notes: To avoid any confusion concerning the symbol for litre‚ dm3 will be used in place of l or litre.Valence electrons are known as valency electrons for this test. Nature of Matter The states of matter are solid‚ liquid‚ and gas‚ in respective order of kinetic energy. State of Matter | Definite Volume | Definite Shape | Solid | Yes | Yes | Liquid | Yes | No | Gas | No | No | Diffusion:
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Introduction An essential oil is a concentrated hydrophobic liquid containing volatile aroma compounds from plants. Essential oils are also known as volatile oils‚ ethereal oils or aetherolea‚ or simply as the "oil of" the plant from which they were extracted‚ such as oil of clove. Volatile oils are the odorous and volatile products of various plant and animal species. As they have a tendency to undergo evaporation on being exposed to the air even at an ambient temperature‚ they are invariably termed
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The Earth’s atmosphere has changed over billions of years‚ but for the past 200 million years it has been much as it is today. We are‚ however‚ causing our atmosphere to change by human activity. Burning fossil fuels and deforestation are two examples of human effect on the environment. Composition of the Earth’s atmosphere The composition of air You need to know the proportions of the main gases in the atmosphere. The Earth’s atmosphere has remained much the same for the past 200 million years
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Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons. They contain only carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen single bonds. They are the least reactive of the organic compounds. The main source is crude oil. Hydrocarbon- a compound consisting only of hydrogen and carbon Saturated- Contain single carbon -carbon bonds only Unsaturated-contains a C=C bond Petroleum fraction- mixture of hydrocarbons with a similar chain length and boiling range The general formula for is CnH2n+2 (for ring alkanes is CnH2n)
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Preparation of t-Butyl-Chloride March 8 & 15‚ 2012 Theory: Alkyl halides can be synthesized when alcohols react with hydrogen halides. An alkyl halide is a halogen-substituted alkane‚ and a hydrogen halide is a compound consisting of a hydrogen bonded to a halogen (H-X). Alkyl halides are classified as primary‚ secondary‚ or tertiary depending on the number of alkyl substituents directly attached to the carbon bearing the halogen atom. The purpose of this laboratory experiment was to prepare
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Experiment 1: Isolation of Casein from Milk * pH of milk – 6.6 * milk = 87.1% water‚ 4.9 % CHO 3.9 %‚ fats‚ 0.7% minerals Experiment 2: Protein Hydrolysis and Characterization | Reagents | Principle | Test for | Positive Result | Negative Result | Biuret | CuSO4‚ NaOH | Complexation of Cu+2 with amide N atoms | Polypeptide bonds | Violet/purple solution | Blue color solution | Sakaguchi | 10% NaOH‚ 0.02% α-naphtol solution‚ 2% NaOBr | arginine condenses with α-naphtol and NaOH
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structure Benzene (C6H6)- aka. naphtha - unsaturated cyclic compound - simplest aromatic HC - all C to C bonds are identical; each C has a H atom - substitution reactions occur instead of addition reaction - delocalized pi bonding in benzene imparts stability (aromaticity); responsible for resistance to addition reactions (involve breaking delocalized bonding) Benzene Derivatives- produced when one or more H atoms on benzene is/ are replaced by new group/s such as alkyl groups (methyl‚ ethyl and so
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reaction is the Wittig-Horner reaction (1). ABSTRACT Georg Wittig was a German chemist and Nobel Prize winner in 1979 for the Wittig reaction (1). He was born in Berlin‚ on June 16‚ 1897‚ and died August 26‚ 1987 (1). Wittig discovered the route to alkenes through ylide molecules (1). Wittig was educated originally at Tubingen; Wittig spent periods at Braunschweig‚ Freigurg‚ back to Tubingen again before taking up the post as director of the organic chemistry department at Heidelberg (1). Wittig became
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cloves produced 0.712 g of a yellow oil with spicy aromatic odor‚ which contained in its IR spectrum the functional groups O-H (at 3453 cm-1)‚ sp2 C-H (3009 cm-1)‚ C=C-H (2980 cm-1)‚ and alkene C=C (at 1600 cm-1) and aromatic C=C (at 1520 cm-1). These data are consistent with the structure of eugenol. In addition‚ the IR of the product from the simple distillation of cloves closely corresponds with that of an
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