in the presence of phosphoric acid. The alcohol was a mixture of cis and trans isomers‚ so it might have exhibited an Evelyn effect. It was also looked at if the products showed the Zaitsev’s rule‚ where in an elimination reaction‚ the most stable alkene was favored‚ which was usually the most substituted one and also the major product‚ which was the product with more % composition that was found out in the analysis. The % composition of the yield was found out by using the % composition of the products
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gauche-staggered chair boat The second type of stereoisomerism is geometric isomerism which is common in alkenes. Geometric isomers differ in physical properties such as melting points and boiling points. ex. cis (same side) trans (opposite side) For alkenes where cis-trans configuration does not apply‚ the geometry of the alkene may be designated by E (entgegen‚ opposite) or Z (zussamen‚ together). This is applied by determining
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In the reaction mechanism‚ a carboxylic acid‚ m-toluic acid is used to synthesize N‚N-diethyl-m-toluamide‚ also know as DEET‚ through a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction. The reaction begins by first converting the m-toluic carboxylic acid into an acyl chlorosulfite through a reaction using thionyl chloride. The carboxylic acid is converted into an acyl chloride because the acyl chloride is more reactive. In this step‚ hydrochloric acid is formed from a hydrogen on the carboxylic acid and a
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CHEMISTRY PART I PREPARED BY SYED ABDUL ILLAH ALYAHYA BIN SYED ABD KADIR 1 TOPICS PART I 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Introduction to Hydrocarbon and Functional Groups Alkanes and Cycloalkanes Isomerism and Overview of Organic Reaction Alkenes and Alkynes Alkyl Halides 2 TOPIC INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBON AND FUNCTIONAL GROUPS 3 1.1 Introduction to Hydrocarbon and Functional Groups What is Organic Chemistry? • Organic chemistry is a branch of chemistry that focuses on
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Hwa Chong Institution (High School) Secondary 4 End of Year Examinations Chemistry Revision Notes List of topics: 1. Atomic Structure 2. Separation Techniques 3. Chemical Bonds and Bonding (Ionic‚ Covalent) 4. Metals 5. Properties and structures of compounds 6. Qualitative Analysis 7. Acids‚ Bases and Salts 8. Chemical Periodicity 9. Chemical Calculations 10. Air and Environment 11. Electrochemistry (Including Redox reactions) 12. Thermochemistry 13. Rates of Reaction 14. Chemical
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Assignments in Science Class X (Term II) 4 Carbon and its Compounds IMPORTANT NOTES 9. Unsaturated organic compounds : Organic compounds in which a double or a triple bond exists between two carbon atoms in a carbon chain‚ are called unsaturated organic compounds. 10. Hydrocarbons : Organic compounds which contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms are called hydrocarbons. 11. Straight chain hydrocarbons : Hydrocarbons‚ in which all the carbon atoms are linked to one another in a straight chain
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Essential oils are volatile components associated with the aromas of seeds‚ bark‚ or roots of plants. In this experiment‚ the essential oil eugenol was isolated from ground cloves using steam distillation techniques. Eugenol had a high boiling point‚ but it was isolated at a lower temperature by performing a co-distillation with water‚ a process known as steam distillation. This technique allowed the desired material to be distilled at a lower temperature than 100℃. The point of the steam distillation
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orbitals forms the σ bond‚ and one empty p orbital forms the π bond. This process is illustrated in the figure below: Sp2 hybrid orbitals: Unhybridized p orbital: (3 σ bonds) (1 π bond) _1 _1 _1 _1 Molecules with double bonds are alkenes‚ and they have restricted rotation around the double bond so they tend to form the cis and trans geometric isomers. While both of these isomers have the same molecular formula‚ they usually vary in many physical features. Cis isomers have two identical
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compound as shown below. II. Knoevenagel Condensation Reaction The Knoevenagel condensation reaction is an organic reaction named after Emil Knoevenagel. It is a reform of the Aldol condensation. A Knoevenagel condensation is a nucleophilic addition of an active hydrogen compound to a carbonyl group followed by a dehydration reaction in which a molecule of water is eliminated (hence condensation). The product is often an alpha‚ beta conjugated
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Year 12 Chemistry 2011 Student Handbook Table of Contents Errors 2 Significant Figures 2 States of Matter in Equations 2 Revision Hints 3 Equations 4 VCAA 2008-2011 Key Skills 6 Unit 3 VCAA Study Design 7 Unit 3 Timetable 8 Unit 3 Work Set Questions 10 Unit 4 VCAA Study Design 11 Unit 4 Timetable 12 Unit 4 Work Set Questions 14 ERRORS When instruments are manufactured‚ there is a specified uncertainty within which the instrument is designed
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