The purpose of the lab is to identify the compound based on a constant composition by performing a serious of tests. The hydrate is solid crystals compound and appears to be dry: since an ionic compound (salt) is crystallized from an aqueous solution (water)‚ by heating the hydrate the water is released from ionic structure; therefore it is possible to measure the weight of the ionic compound and calculate its ratio to the liquid in the hydrate. The goal of the lab is to establish the identity
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Bromination of Trans-Cinnamic Acid Christopher B. Martin CHEM 3411 1 Mechanism of Bromine Addition to Alkenes Understanding the chemical mechanism (order of bonds broken and made as well as intermediates formed) has a great value in chemical synthesis. The chemical mechanism of a reaction will influence the rate of the reaction‚ the stereochemistry of the product(s)‚ and the extent of possible undesired side reactions. Organic reaction mechanisms investigate the path towards a desired product
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Under reflux conditions‚ a bromohexane compound is synthesized from 1-hexene and HBr(aq). The desired product‚ 2-bromohexane‚ is analyzed to see if it is produced according to Markovnikov’s rule‚ which states that when an alkene reacts with a hydrogen halide (HBr) to form an alkyl halide‚ the H+ is added to the carbon with a greater number of hydrogen substituents to form a more stable carbocation and the halogen (Br-) is added to the carbon with fewer hydrogen substituents. A heterogeneous mixture
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Practical 2 Reaction of alkane‚ alkene & alkyne Title: Reaction of Saturated and Unsaturated Hydrocarbons Objective: To carry out chemical test to differentiate an alkane and an alkene. Apparatus: dropper‚ test tube‚ hot plate Chemical reagents: bromine‚ toluene‚ cyclohexane‚ cyclohexene‚ acidified KMnO4‚ dichloromethane Method A. Bromine test 1.6 clean and dry test tube were taken and were labelled them A until F 2.1ml of dichloromethane were placed into each test tube 3.1 ml of
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EXPERIMENT NO. 1 INTRODUCTION TO LAB INSTRUMENTS. 1. BREADBOARD We should be familiar to the following things about a breadboard: * What is a breadboard and what is it used for? * How does it work? * Setting Up. * Limitations. What is a breadboard and what is it used for? A breadboard (or protoboard) is usually a construction base for prototyping of electronics. The term "breadboard" is commonly used to refer to a solderless breadboard (plugboard). It was designed by
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INTRODUCTION There are many reasons for knowing the identity of microorganisms. The reasons range from the knowing the causative agent of a disease to knowing the correct microorganism in order to make antibiotics. This study was done by applying the following methods; OF Glucose‚ Indole Production‚ and Malonate Utilization test for the identification of an unknown bacterium. The methods will assist in determining the unknown bacterium found in a 55 year old male that was passing blood and mucous
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Abstract: The Enzyme Lab results where when the liver was frozen‚ its reaction was fast‚ and when it was hot‚ it was slow‚ and the liver that was at room temperature reacted slowly to medium. Introduction: The Enzyme Lab is to conduct investigations to determine the most favorable conditions for the most efficient enzyme activity. Variables to be used testing include temperature‚ pH values and surface area. Enzymes are proteins that speed up the rate of chemical reactions‚ which would otherwise
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Dehydration refers to a chemical reaction where the reactant loses a water molecule. In the presence of a strong acid like 85% phosphoric acid‚ an alcohol like-2-methylcyclohexanol can be dehydrated to form an alkene. In this experiment‚ alcohol was dehydrated by E1 elimination‚ in order to synthesize cyclohexene. First‚ alcohol is protonated by the acid. Second‚ during E1 elimination‚ a carbocation is formed by the removal of an oxonium ion to yield a secondary and a tertiary carbocation. The receiving
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City University of Hong Kong Dept. of Physics & Materials Science AP2104 Mechanics of Solids Laboratory Manual Experiment 1 Pure Bending of a Beam Experiment 2 Torsional Deformations Experiment 3 Yield Criteria for Ductile Materials under Plane Stresses Experiment 1 Pure Bending of a Beam Objective 1. To examine the stresses at various positions of the beam under a constant load of pure bending. 2. To determine the curvature of deflection of the beam. Introduction
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Oscillators & Oscilloscope Morgan Dennis @02514008 Partners: Brittany Smith‚ Michelle Trang‚ James Anderson‚ Madison Shaw OBJECTIVE: We are going to study the features and operation of the oscilloscope. We will use the instrument to measure the frequency and amplitude for various sources. Ultimately‚ the oscilloscope will display the Lissajous figures. APPARATUS: The major apparatus used include; Oscilloscope‚ two audio oscillators‚ battery and connectors. THEORY: The oscilloscope
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