OCR gateway Core C1 revision notes Anything written in purple is for higher tier Exam tips are in red Fossil Fuels 3 types Coal (made from dead plants that lived millions of years ago) Crude oil (made from dead sea creatures that lived millions of years ago) Natural gas (made from dead sea creatures that lived millions of years ago) Key words to learn Non-renewable- fossil fuels are said to be this as we are using them up faster than they can be made Finite- these will run out if we
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ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Carbon atoms: * Carbon-carbon bonds are not easily broken * Each carbon atom forms 4 covalent bonds * The C-H bond is almost non-polar Classifying organic compounds: * Number of carbon atoms in longest chain: meth‚ eth‚ prop‚ but‚ pent‚ hex‚ hept‚ oct‚ non‚ dec * If it is a branch: -yl; di‚ tri or tetra means there is more than one branch‚ ethyl means there are 2 carbons coming off the branch * If it is a ring of carbons put cyclo at the front of the
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and aromatic hydrogens and were used to verify the identity of the product. In addition‚ the melting point of the crystals was also used to verify the synthesis of 1‚2-dibromo-1‚2-diphenylethane. Introduction Bromination of an alkene is an example of an addition reaction in which bromine adds across the double bond to form a vicinal dibromide as shown in Figure 1. [pic] Figure 1: The bromination of trans-stilbene In this experiment‚ 1‚2-dibromo-1‚2-diphenylethane is synthesized
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presence of an aromatic ring‚ alkene group and carbonyl group. CNMR showed the presence of an aromatic ring‚ carbonyl group and a methyl group. HNMR showed the presence of an aromatic ring‚ alkene group and carbonyl. Using the rule of 13 and the adjustment for oxygen‚ the predicted structure of the anise oil was C10H12O with 5 degrees of unsaturation. Since the aromatic ring is 4 degrees of unsaturation by itself‚ the last degree of unsaturation was most likely an alkene
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Chapter 17: Alcohols and Phenols C O O H H sp3 alcohol pKa~ 16-18 phenol (aromatic alcohol) pKa~ 10 Alcohols contain an OH group connected to a saturated carbon (sp3) Phenols contain an OH group connected to a carbon of a benzene ring O H C C H C C O chemistry dominated by the keto form 76 enol keto H O H R O H R O R R O O R’ water alcohol R S H ether R S R peroxide R S S R’ thiols thioether disulfides
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There is ethane which is 2 carbons‚ propane that is 3‚ butane which is 4‚ pentane which is 5 and so on. There are also alkenes. Alkenes are hydrocarbons containing carbon-carbon double covalent bonds‚ and last but not least there is the alkynes which are hydrocarbons containing carbon-carbon triple covalent bonds. They also have different names. Alkanes end with ane. Alkenes end with ene‚ and alkynes end with yne. In organic chemistry there are also isomers‚ isomers are One of two or more compounds
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Introduction The objective of this experiment was to carry out an elimination reaction on 2-methylalcohol with an acid to produce alkenes as a product. The product formed is separated through distillation. Because more than one alkene product can result from the reaction‚ Gas Chromatography is used to analyze the composition of the product mixture. IR spectrometry is also carried out to confirm the product. Procedure This experiment was carried out as described in Class Pak. The heat source
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Chapter 18 Ethers & Epoxides; Thiols and Sulfides Assigned Reading from McMurry: Read Sections 18.1 through 18.9; not responsible for “Focus on … Epoxy Resins & Adhesives‚ pp. 697-698). Recommended Problems from McMurry: 18.1a-e;18.18.2;18.3a-d; 18.4; 18.5a-d; 18.6a-b; 18.7a-b; 18.8; 18.9; 18.10; 18.11; 18.12a‚b; 18.13a‚b; 18.14a-c; 18.16a-f; 18.17; 18.18; 18.19a-c; 18.20; 18.21; 18.22; 18.23a-e; 18.24a-I; 18.25a-f; 18.26a-d; 18.27; 18.28; 18.29ad; 18.30a-e; 18.31; 18.32; 18.33; 18.34; 18
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Name: Date: Score: /72 INTRODUCTION TO ISOMERISM AND ALKENES EXERCISES 1. Draw the one constitutional isomer that is missing from column 1 of Model 1. (2 points) 2. Draw ten skeletal representations constitutional isomers missing from column 2 in Model 1 as you can. (Hint: Other than cyclohexane‚ there are 11 ways to draw a six-carbon backbone that contains a ring. Plus there are isomers of cyclohexane that do not contain a ring.) (10 points) 3. Are
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Organic Chemistry - Introduction 1 2812 Basic definitions for organic chemistry Scope Organic chemistry is a vast subject so it is easier to split it into small sections for study. This is usually done by studying compounds which behave in a similar way because they have a particular atom‚ or group of atoms‚ (FUNCTIONAL GROUP) in their structure. Catenation The ability to form bonds between atoms of the same element. Carbon catenates to form chains and rings‚ with single‚ double
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