Alkyl Halides Alkyl halides are a class of compounds where a halogen atom or atoms are bound to an sp3 orbital of an alkyl group. CHCl3 (Chloroform: organic solvent) CF2Cl2 (Freon-12: refrigerant CFC) CF3CHClBr (Halothane: anesthetic) Halogen atoms are more electronegative than carbon atoms‚ and so the C-Hal bond is polarized. H H μ C + C-l δ δ H The C-X bond is polarized in such a way that there is partial positive charge on the carbon and partial negative charge on the halogen. Dipole moment
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IGCSE PRE-AICE CHEMISTRY 0620 OFFICIAL STUDY GUIDE Notes: To avoid any confusion concerning the symbol for litre‚ dm3 will be used in place of l or litre.Valence electrons are known as valency electrons for this test. Nature of Matter The states of matter are solid‚ liquid‚ and gas‚ in respective order of kinetic energy. State of Matter | Definite Volume | Definite Shape | Solid | Yes | Yes | Liquid | Yes | No | Gas | No | No | Diffusion:
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bond between two Carbon atoms‚ they are "unsaturated" hydrocarbons. Their names follow a similar pattern: ethene‚ propene‚ butene‚ pentene‚ etc..It is not possible to have "methene" because there have to be TWO atoms of Carbon in a molecule of an alkene. Think about it. Here is a general formula for the alkenes:By now you will have realised that the spelling of chemical names is very important. |
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Objectives After studying this Unit‚ you will be able to • name haloalkanes and haloarenes according to the IUPAC system of nomenclature from their given structures; • describe the reactions involved in the preparation of haloalkanes and haloarenes and understand various reactions that they undergo; • correlate the structures of haloalkanes and haloarenes with various types of reactions; • use stereochemistry as a tool for understanding the reaction mechanism; • appreciate the applications of organo-metallic
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Place asterisks at all of the asymmetric carbon atoms in the molecule shown below (prostacyclin). (b) Based on the number of asymmetric carbons‚ how many stereoisomers of prostacyclin are possible? 5. Hydrogenation of an alkene will yield an alkane. The alkane formed by hydrogenation of (S)-4-methyl-1-hexene (I) is optically active‚ while the one formed by hydrogenation of (S)-3-methyl-1-pentene (II) is not. Explain. I II 6. Draw and label a stereoisomer
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The E2 reaction performed began by dehydrohalogenating the 3-chloro-3‚ 7-dimethyloctane with potassium hydroxide in aqueous ethanol. The 3-chloro-3‚ 7-dimethyloctane will lose a hydrogen from three different carbons that cause the formation of three constitutional isomers. If the hydroxide ion attacks a hydrogen on the 3-methyl carbon‚ then 2-ethyl-6-methyl-1-heptene will be the product. If a hydrogen on the carbon-2 was attacked‚ then the product would be 3‚ 7-dimethyl-2-octene. If a hydrogen was
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A- HPTLC Flavonoid profile of methanol extract M. concanensis leaves B- HPTLC Flavonoid profile of methanol extract M. concanensis flowers C- HPTLC Flavonoid profile of methanol extract M. concanensis seeds 4.2.3.1 C) HPTLC Phenol profile of M. concanensis Nimmo. HPTLC finger printing of M. concanensis was done by using selected solvent system Chloroform: Ethyl acetate: Formic acid (50%:40%:10%v/v) for leaf‚ flower and seed extracts‚ visualized under UV 254 and 366 nm showed more
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(CH3)2CHO- (d) (CH3)3CO- (Q.11) The correct order of decreasing dipole moment is: ( 1 mark ) (a) CH3Cl‚ CH3Br‚ CH3F (b) CH3Cl‚ CH3F‚ CH3Br (c) CH3Br‚ CH3Cl‚ CH3F (d) CH3Br‚ CH3F‚ CH3Cl (Q.12) HCl and HI do not give anti- markovnikov’s addition to alkenes in the presence of peroxides because: ( 1 mark ) (a) Both are highly ionic (b) One is oxidizing and other is reducing (c) One of the step is endothermic in both the cases (d) All the steps are exothermic in both the reactions.
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Steam distillation of cloves produced 0.53g of an oil which contained in its IR spectrum the functional groups O-H (at 3520 cm-1)‚ sp2 C-H (3080 – 3000 cm-1)‚ aliphatic C-H (2980 – 2940 cm-1)‚ and both alkene C=C (at 1640 cm-1) and aromatic C=C (at 1514 cm-1). The IR spectrum is attached to this report. These data are consistent with the structure of eugenol‚ shown in Figure 2 below: In addition‚ the IR of the product from the steam distillation of cloves closely corresponds with that of an
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say that a hydrocarbon is saturated‚ we mean that the carbon is saturated with other atoms. It can only bond to a new atom if it gives up one of the atoms it is already bonded to. Hydrocarbons that contain at least one double carbon bond are the alkenes and those that contain at least one triple carbon bond are called alkynes. These are compounds that are also known as unsaturated molecules. Lastly‚ aromatic‚ is a class of cyclic hydrocarbons that contain a closed loop of electrons. Generally
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