Alkane‚ Alkene‚ Alkyne & Aromatic Learning Objectives 1. 2. 3. Determine the IUPAC name‚ common name and structure of an alkanes‚ alkenes and cycloalkanes. Identify the physical properties of alkanes. Describe briefly natural sources and importance of alkanes Describe reactions of alkanes Propose a mechanism on free radicals substitution 4. 5. 6. Describe the preparation and reactions of alkenes. 7. Propose mechanism on preparation; dehydration of alcohol 8. Define carbocation
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Practical 2 Reaction of alkane‚ alkene & alkyne Title: Reaction of Saturated and Unsaturated Hydrocarbons Objective: To carry out chemical test to differentiate an alkane and an alkene. Apparatus: dropper‚ test tube‚ hot plate Chemical reagents: bromine‚ toluene‚ cyclohexane‚ cyclohexene‚ acidified KMnO4‚ dichloromethane Method A. Bromine test 1.6 clean and dry test tube were taken and were labelled them A until F 2.1ml of dichloromethane were placed into each test tube 3.1 ml of
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attached to the carbon chain than alkanes. Are alkenes with double bonds. Are alkynes with triple bonds. 1 Structure of Alkenes Alkenes (and alkynes) are unsaturated hydrocarbons Alkenes have one or more double bonds The two bonds in a double bond are different: - one bond is a sigma () bond; these are cylindrical in shape and are very strong - the other is a pi (π) bond; these involve sideways overlap of p-orbitals and are weaker than bonds Alkenes are flat and have a trigonal planar
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Exercise 5 Comparing the Reaction Rates of Alkanes and Alkenes Group # 4 Members: Pangan‚ Sam Margarette Perales‚ Angelica Ibay‚ Sophia Irigan‚ Sharien May Sorensen‚ John Antonio Ocan‚ Emmanuel Submitted to: Ms. Ginalyn Cuenca Mr. Neil Abreo Date: December 6‚ 2012 Introduction Alkanes are hydrocarbons with only single bonds between the atoms. Saturated hydrocarbon is the other term for it. They are used as fuels because they are non-reactive and also do not conduct electricity
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Comparing alkanes and alkenes Aim: Is cyclohexane more or less reactive than cyclohexene in the presence or absence of light Hypothesis The cyclohexene will reactive the fastest because being an "ene" it has a electron rich area making it more reactive than cyclohexane but neither one of the will react without light Materials * 4x 250ml conical flasks * 2 rubber stoppers * Aluminium foil * Cyclohexane * Cyclohexene * Bromide water * Measuring cylinder
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Experiment: Comparing reactivities of alkanes and alkenes Aim: To compare the reactivities of an alkane and an alkene with bromine water and a solution of potassium permanganate (KMnO4). Equipment: • 4 test tubes • Test-tube rack • 4 pipettes Safety: safety glasses must be worn to prevent injury to the eyes. Ensure room is well ventilated whilst using the hydro carbons. Method: 1. Place 1 ml of sample A (cyclohexane) into a test tube containing 4 mls of the bromine water solution. Record
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Muhammed Sabah Comparing Reactivity Of Alkanes and Alkenes Aim: To compare the reactivity of an alkane and an alkene Hypothesis: The cyclohexene would react to the bromine water and turn colourless‚ whilst the cyclohexane won’t react. Risk Assessment: What’s the problem? | How do you fix? | How does it work? | Bromine water is corrosive to the skin | Wear gloves | Stops the Bromine water from reaching skin | Cyclohexane/ene is highly flammable | Keep away from naked flames. | No naked
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Alkynes Chapter 7 Triple Bond Structure Nomenclature IUPAC: use the infix -yn- to show the presence of a carbon-carbon triple bond 4 3 2 1 2 3 4 6 7 5 1 2 3 4 6 7 5 1 3-Methyl-1-butyne 6‚6-Dimethyl-3-heptyne 1‚6-Heptadiyne Common names: prefix the substituents on the triple bond to the name “acetylene” IUPAC name: Common name: 2-Butyne D imethylacetylene 1-Buten-3-yne Vinylacetylene Physical Properties
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Preparation u Alcohols when heated in presence of H2SO4‚ H3PO4‚ P2O5‚ Al2O3 or BF3 undergo loss of water molecule with the formation of alkene. Conc. H2SO4 180oC H3PO4/P2O5 200oC Al2O3/BF3 350oC CH3-CH=CH2 + H2O CH3-CH2-CH2-OH CH3-CH=CH2 + H2O CH3-CH=CH2 + H2O u u Mechanism: In the first step OH group of the alcohol is protonated in a fast reversible reaction. Unlike OH group‚ protonated OH group is a good leaving group. Step 1: CH3 CH3-C-CH3 + H+ HO CH3 CH3-C-CH3 H2O+
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important source of aromatic hydrocarbons. The oil trapped inside the rocks is known as petroleum. PETRA – ROCK‚ OLEUM – OIL. The oil in the petroleum field is covered with a gaseous mixture known as natural gas. The main constituents of the natural gas are methane‚ ethane‚ propane and butane. CLASSIFICATION OF HYDROCARBONS: HYDROCARBON Acyclic or Aliphatic Carbocyclic or Cyclic ( Open chain) Alicyclic Aromatic Alkanes Alkenes Alkyne Cycloalkanes Cycloalkenes Cycloalkynes Alkanes:- Paraffins
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