Environmental Chemistry It often matters how much given atoms combine‚ in what arrangement‚ with what others‚ what impulse they receive‚ and what impart. The same ones make up earth‚ sky‚ sea‚ and streams; the same as the sun‚ the animals‚ grains and trees‚ but mingling and moving in every different ways. - Lucretius (95-52 B.C.) in The Nature of Things I. Physical Chemistry Why is Physical Chemistry important in the study of Environmental Engineering? • Applied physical chemistry procedures
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UNIVERSITY OF THE GAMBIA LECTURE NOTES COURSE: PRINCIPLES OF CHEMISTRY II (ORGANIC CHEMISTRY) CODE: CHM 161 2ND SEMESTER SESSION: 2012/2013 LECTURER: ANTHONY F. ADJIVON UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION Organic chemistry started as the chemistry of life‚ when that was thought to be different from the chemistry in the laboratory. Then it became the chemistry of carbon compounds‚ especially those found in coal. Now it is both. It is the chemistry of the compounds of carbon along with other elements
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the type of bonding that exists between the carbons. There are hydrocarbons that contain only carbon-to-carbon single bonds and they are called alkanes. There are also hydrocarbons that contain only carbon-to-carbon single bonds but it is different from alkanes because their carbon atoms are bonded together to form rings. They are called cyclohexanes. Alkanes and cycloalkanes are also known as saturated molecules – containing only carbon-to-carbon single bonds. When we say that a hydrocarbon is saturated
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Lewis base. Orbital hybridization: sp3‚ sp2‚ sp. Conjugated double bonds and resonance 2. Classification of organic compounds Nomenclature: homologues series‚ alkanes‚ cycloalkanes‚ alkene‚ alkynes‚ alkyl halides‚ alcohols‚ amines‚ aldehydes‚ ketones and carboxylic 4 acids and their derivatives. 3. Stereochemistry Conformations of alkanes and cycloalkanes. Isomerism and optical activity. Structural isomers and stereoisomers. Geometrical isomers: (E) and (Z) systems. Enantiomers and diastereoisomers;
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Material covered Structure Determines Properties Alkanes & Cycloalkanes: Introduction to Hydrocarbons Alkanes & Cycloalkanes: Conformations and cistrans Stereoisomers Stereochemistry Alcohols & Alkyl Halides. Nucleophilic Substitution Structure & Preparation of Alkenes: Elimination Reactions Reactions of Alkenes: Addition reactions Alkynes Conjugation in Alkadienes & Allylic Systems Arenes and Aromaticity Reactions of Arenes: Electrophilic & Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitutions B. R. Kaafarani 2 Course
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Low boiling point group: alkane‚ alkene‚ alkyne and ether Boiling point is the exact temperature that the state of compound change from liquid to gas‚ which need to break the intermolecular forces. The stronger the intermolecular forces‚ the higher the boiling point. Since straight chain alkane‚ alkene and alkyne only experience dispersion forces‚ the compound with more carbons have higher boiling point as more carbons contribute more forces. Branched chain alkanes have lower boiling point than
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Organic Chemistry Chapter 2 Introduction to Organic Nomenclature and Functional Groups 2.1 Drawing Organic Structures 73 2.2 Alkanes 77 2.3 Structural Isomerism 77 2.4 IUPAC Nomenclature 79 2.5 Naming Alkanes 80 2.6 Naming Cycloalkanes 87 2.7 Naming Complex Alkyl Groups 2.8 Functional Groups 97 2.9 Naming Alkenes and Alkynes 2.10 Naming Alkenes‚ Part II 108 2.11 Arenes 109 2.12 Organohalogens 113 2.13 Using Molecular Formulas 115 Key Ideas from Chapter 2 117 91 100
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cyclohexane‚ and cyclohexene are aromatic. All are not oxidized except for cyclohexene. I. Introduction Hydrocarbons are compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen. Hydrocarbons can be aromatic or aliphatic depending on their structure. Hydrocarbons that contain a delocalized ring of pi bonds are called aromatic hydrocarbons and those without a delocalized ring of pi bonds are called aliphatic hydrocarbons. To be classified as Aromatic‚ a compound must have an uninterrupted
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haloarenes with various types of reactions. (iv) Use stereochemistry as a tool for understanding the reaction mechanism. (v) Describe common polyhalogen compounds. INTRODUCTION The replacement of hydrogen atom(s) in a hydrocarbon‚ aliphatic or aromatic‚ by halogen atom(s) results in the formation of alkyl halide (haloalkane) and aryl halide (haloarene)‚ respectively. Many halogen containing organic compounds occur in nature and some of these are clinically useful. These classes of compounds
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physical properties and chemical properties in terms ofstructure and behaviour. Nitration test (test for the presence of aromatic ring)‚ Bromine test (test for the presence of unsaturation)‚ and Basic oxidation test (test for an alkyl substituted benzine) were done. We were given an unknown which we tested (Nitration‚Bromine‚ Basic oxidation) and found out that it was an aromatic unsaturated hydro carbon. Keywords: hydrocarbons‚ hexane/ cyclohexane‚ cyclohexene‚ naphthalene‚ toluene
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