Indiana University Abstract A central tenet of agency theory is that there is potential for mischief when the interests of owners and managers diverge. In those circumstances‚ and for a variety of reasons‚ managers may be able to exact higher rents than are reasonable or than the owners of the firm would otherwise accord them. While that foundational element of agency theory is secure‚ other elements derived directly from agency theory are far less settled. Indeed‚ even after some 75 years of
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McClelland’s Theory of Needs American’s Psychologist David Clarence McClelland (1917-98) proposed that every individual have specific needs that can be classed into need for achievement (nAch)‚ need for affiliation (nAff)‚ and need for power (nPow). Regardless of gender‚ culture or age‚ human beings have three motivating drivers that will affect their behavior. People with a high need for achievement seek to excel‚ to accomplish in relation to a set of standards‚ to struggle to achieve success
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classical theory‚ written by Cesare Beccaria says humans have free will‚ to choose how they want to act. The rational choice theory says that criminal behavior is caused by internal and external factors outside of the individual’s control. Cesare Lombroso suggests that the physiological traits such as the measurements of someone cheek bones‚ or their hairline. The positivism theory says its factors like poverty‚ subcultures or lower levels of education can predispose people to crime. All of those
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In March 1982‚ criminologists named George L. Kelling and James Q. Wilson developed a theory called “Broken Windows Theory”. This theory suggests that crime is most likely to occur within a part of a city that is neglected‚ “if a window in a building is left broken and is left unrepaired‚ all the rest of the windows will soon be broken” (Kelling‚ Wilson‚ 1982). The name suggests that windows should be fixed immediately‚ most likely linking to stopping crimes no matter how minor. The article goes
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Fiedler’s Contingency Theory Fiedler’s contingency theory states that leadership is a trait and it is fixed. Because leadership is fixed the only variable items are the situational factors. Therefore for effective leadership the situational factors need to be changed instead of the leadership traits. Leadership trait is measured by a rating scale of 1-8 bipolar adjectives‚ with 1 being very poor and 8 being very good. The leader is then asked to identify any one member of a team the leader had to
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is one of the leading contemporary social theorists. His work has had a considerable influence on the direction social theory has taken over the past three decades. He has created a challenging and complex version of social theory that explores a wide range of sociological perspectives. Not only is he often considered to be one of the main interpreters of modern social theory‚ he is also regarded as a significant contributor to the conceptual reconstruction of the subject matter of sociology
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just used the social judgment theory! The beginnings of social judgment theory can be traced to early experiments on attitude and persuasion in social psychology‚ but it was first given its foundations with the work of Muzafer Sherif and Carl Hovland in 1961. Sherif and Hovland explored social judgment theory further in their 1961 book‚ Social judgment: Assimilation and contrast effects in communication and attitude. Social judgment theory claims that there are
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Theories of Crime Ideas About Theories of Crime Crime is socially defined. What is considered a crime at one place and time may be considered normal or even heroic behavior in another context. The earliest explanations for deviant behavior attributed crime to supernatural forces. A common method to determine guilt or innocence was trial by ordeal. Although theories of crime causation and the workings of the legal and criminal justice systems are of limited utility‚ there are theories that can
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Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory Introduction - Frederick Herzberg and his colleagues formulated the two-factor theory. Similar to Maslow’s theory‚ Herzberg’s has been a focus of attention in international human resource management research over the years. The two-factor theory is closely linked to the need hierarchy. The Herzberg Theory The Two-Factor Theory of Motivation - A theory that holds there are two sets of factors that influence job satisfaction: hygiene factors and motivators. Motivators
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It was Saturday‚ July 13‚ 2013‚ I was looking over my notes for the sermon I would preach the next day when the verdict came in on George Zimmerman. It was very rare that I deviate from a particular subject unless I am spiritually led. But all that changed after having learned that George Zimmerman was found not guilty of the slaying of Trayvon Martin. It was difficult for me to stand that morning as Reverend or Pastor. In my role as Pastor‚ there was an expectation. Unfortunately‚ I came with
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