Observing Various Microevolution Cases using Population Genetics: Using a Population Gene Pool Simulator‚ PopCycle Abstract The study of microevolution was tested in this laboratory experiment through the examination‚ observation‚ and analysis of various population conditions‚ some under the Hardy-Weinberg Theory of Genetic Equilibrium‚ which would advance the student scientists ’ understanding of both microevolution and the mathematical aspects of microevolution known as population genetics.
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Prophase 1 of meiosis When prophase I occurs the chromosomal condensation enables the chromosomes to be looked at under the microscope. Then during late prophase I the homologous chromosomes laterally pair or usually side by side which is then known to be in synapsis this is when cross connections form from Breakage and re-joining between the chromatids which can occur between the pair homologous chromosomes which then lead to genetic combination between the strands which are there. Chiasma occurs
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Understanding the Functions of Proteins and DNA Ingrid Waldron‚ Biology Department‚ University of Pennsylvania‚ 2012 These key concepts and activities are suggested as part of an introductory unit on biological molecules (or as an introduction to a unit on molecular biology). The overarching goal is to help students understand that proteins and DNA are not just abstract concepts in biology textbooks but rather crucial components of our bodies that affect familiar functions and characteristics
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2010 Genetics Laboratory Abstract Cheek cells were extrapolated and used in PCR amplification and electrophoresis of the amplified samples to determine the presence or absence of the dimorphic Alu sequence in a class population. A bioinformatic allele server was then employed to calculate genotypic and allelic frequencies of the Alu element in the class population. The Hardy-Weinberg equation was also applied to individual data to produce class data for allelic and genotypic frequencies. Analysis
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1. Allele-One of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome Example: Most multicellular organisms have two sets of chromosomes‚ that is‚ they are diploid Example: Allelic variation at a locus is measurable as the number of alleles present‚ or the proportion of heterozygotes in the population. 2. Gene-A unit of heredity that is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some characteristic of the offspring
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molecules. These genes are the genetic material that is passed down from generation to generation in all species. The individual DNA segments each individual carries are known as their alleles or genotype. When two alleles are identical they are homozygous and when they are different they are heterozygous. These alleles are expressed physically through what is known as the phenotype. An example of a phenotype of a gene is hair color‚ which may be blond or brown. In humans‚ a zygote starts out with
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Anthropology Science of human cultural and biological variation and evolution Study of human biological and cultural difference across space and time Anthropos: man (Greek) Logos: word (Greek) Naming: building a knowledge off “Study of Man” Human Diversity/Differences Rigorous explanation of being human appreciation of many things Overlap with other fields Economics: accumulate wealth v. giving away wealth Different perspectives Biological and Cultural Differences Important
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Use the equation to calculate allele frequencies when the frequency of homozygous recessive individuals in a population is 25%. ~p^2+2pq+q^2=1; p+q=1; p=1-q; q=1-p ALLELE FREQUENCIES --> p^2 => .5 2pq =>.5 q^2 => .5 Mutation and Sexual Recombination 10 Explain why the majority of point mutations are harmless. ~The majority of point mutations are
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chromosomes segregate during meiosis and is distributed to different gametes. This hypothesis can be divided into four main ideas. The first idea is that alternative versions of genes account for variations in inherited characters. Different alleles will create different variations in inherited characters. The second idea is that for each
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I. How are gametes different from somatic cells? 1. Somatic Cells A. Body Cells i. Eyes‚ Liver‚ Spleen 2. Gametes A. Sex Cells i. Sperm‚ Eggs a. Sperm- Male Sex Cells b. Eggs- Female Sex Cells II. What do the terms haploid and diploid mean? 1. Haploid A. A cell only has one copy of each chromosome i. Somatic Cells 2. Diploid A. A cell has two copies of each chromosome i. Gametes III. What are homologous chromosomes? 1. Two chromosomes--one inherited
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