Theories of Ethnocentrism: Social Dominance Theory and Social Identity Perspective Compare and Contrast critically evaluate in light of relevant research and theoretical reasoning A major focus of psychology is in understanding why group conflict‚ inequality and ethnocentrism occur. Many researchers have developed theories and presented evidence to try and explain these issues and two predominant approaches have emerged. The first approach focuses on the relatively stable personality differences
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McShane (2014)‚ social learning theory “explain[s] deviant behavior by emphasizing reinforcement and discriminative stimuli.” (p. 184). More specifically‚ social learning theory states that deviant behavior is most likely to supported in a social environment that reinforces said behavior. Additionally‚ a major point of the social learning theory is that‚ on the one hand‚ behavior is shaped to seek out pleasure while‚ on the other hand‚ avoiding pain. Based upon one’s own social environment‚ different
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Social Theory II – Durkheim Required reading: PSN‚ pp. 265-278‚ and R. Cotterrell‚ Emile Durkheim: Law in a Moral Domain (1999)‚ Ch 7 (photocopied handout) Q: How far would Durkheim agree and disagree with Marx’s view of law? Q: Does modern law need a set of values to underpin it? Can sociology explain what values modern law must express? What answer to these questions does Durkheim give? Q: If Durkheim ’got legal evolution wrong’ does this destroy the significance of his view of law?
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through internet social sites such as Facebook‚ Tumblr‚ or Instagram‚ through events like parties‚ or common places particularly stores and our jobs. However‚ we often overlook a blaring detail‚ who we are is who we choose to surround and affiliate ourselves with. We miss this details perhaps due to the fact that it happened so naturally it simply slid through our conscious thought‚ or maybe we are socially programmed to link ourselves to people like us. We often classify these social relationships
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Ideas of social justice are both changeable and contestable. These ideas differ between individuals and societies. The term social justice is ambiguous but can briefly be summed up as - social justice involves having the capabilities to voice feelings and opinions but also for these to be heard. To do so‚ there has to be an active participation within society in order to shape it. In short‚ social justice focuses on the individual and their values and beliefs. Social harm refers to the harm
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Individual Behavior Various Theories of Motivation C. Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory of Motivation In 1959‚ Frederick Herzberg‚ a behavioral scientist proposed a two-factor theory or the motivator-hygiene theory. According to Herzberg‚ there are some job factors that result in satisfaction while there are other job factors that prevent dissatisfaction. According to Herzberg‚ the opposite of “Satisfaction” is “No satisfaction” and the opposite of “Dissatisfaction” is “No Dissatisfaction”.
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ranging from individual identities to collective identities of groups‚ to stigmatized identities. One way we identify is through social aspects of our lives‚ this is called social identity. Social identity is defined as the part of a person’s self-concept that is based on his or her identification with a nation‚ religious or political group‚ occupation‚ or other social affiliation (Arsonson‚ Wilson‚ Akert‚ & Sommers‚ 2013). How a person identifies can impact different areas of psychological
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1. What are some of the ways groups of people are identified? There are many ways that a group of people can be identified but the four criteria for classifying minority groups are race‚ ethnicity‚ religion‚ and gender. Race is mainly determined by the color of someone’s skin‚ hair (in some instances eyes)‚ height‚ and bone structure of the human body: big head‚ narrow eyes‚ tall short. Ethnicity is determined by where you were born and raised and what cultural patterns. Religion and is determined
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the theory of learning. The premise of Thorndike’s research implied that rewards and punishment have distinct yet an equal impact on human behaviors. However‚ one of the more well-known learning theorists in modern times is B.F. Skinner‚ who shares comparable behavioral observation as Thorndike‚ in that behaviors are learned as a consequence of actions. Further testing of this theory‚ Skinner developed the prominently distinguished Skinner box‚ which observed animal training and behaviors. Initially
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Social penetration theory was formulated by psychology professors Irwin Altman and Dalmas Taylor as their attempt to describe the dynamics of relational closeness. They proposed that closeness occurs through a gradual process of self-disclosure‚ and closeness develops if the participants proceed in a gradual and orderly fashion from superficial to intimate levels of exchange as a function of both immediate and forecast outcomes.[1] This psychological theory‚ as with many others‚ is applied in the
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