chemical composition adds to this. For breaking down such compounds the enzymes act on certain groups present in the compound. For eg: in the halocarbons the halogen group is targeted. Enzymes like oxygenases play a major role. The bonds like ester-‚ amide-‚ or ether bonds present in the compounds are first attacked leading to breaking down of compounds. In some cases the aliphatic chains and in aromatic compounds the aromatic components may be targeted. The site and mode of attack depends on the action
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The basic structure of all the penicillins consists of a thiazolidine ring fused with a beta-lactam ring‚ creating a fundamental nucleus (also known as 6-amino penicillanic acid) crucial for their antibacterial activity. A wide variety of semisynthetic penicillins are produced by altering the composition of the side chains attached to this nucleus.The molecular formula of penicillin is C16H18N2O4S and weight of 334.39 g/mol‚ each base with a variable side chain‚ “R” that differentiates the penicillins
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Detergents A detergent is a surfactant or a mixture of surfactants with "cleaning properties in dilute solutions."[1] These substances are usually alkylbenzenesulfonates‚ a family of compounds that are similar to soap but are more soluble in hard water‚ because the polar sulfonate (of detergents) is less likely than the polar carboxyl (of soap) to bind to calcium and other ions found in hard water. In most household contexts‚ the term detergent by itself refers specifically to laundry detergent
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Biochemistry Eukaryotic Cells (animal cells) * Nucleus * Organelle Mitochondria: “power house” Where energy (ATP) produced and stored Prokaryotic Cells (plant cells) * Cell wall * Chlorophyll * Cytoplasts: where photosynthesis occurs General Equations:- Photosynthesis: * 6CO2(g) + 6H20(l) +E(solar) -> C6H1206(glucose) + 602(g) Respiration: * C6H1206 + 602(g) -> 6CO2(g) + 6H20(l) + E Metabolism: * Thyroxin: A hormone that controls the bodies
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structure (Circular dichroism ).” The structure of proteins can range from simple to complex molecules. Proteins may consist of a primary‚ secondary‚ tertiary‚ and quaternary structure. The secondary structure consists of hydrogen bonds which join amide and carboxyl groups. These bonds aren’t far from the backbone of proteins. This structure is capable of structures such as alpha helicies‚ beta sheets‚ and beta turns (Jim‚ 2007). The physical‚ secondary structure is important because it helps in determining
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CARBOXYLIC ACID Introduction: Organic compounds containing (–C(O)–OH) as a functional group are called carboxylic acids. The –C (O)-OH group which itself is made up of a carbonyl group (>C=O) and a hydroxyl group (-OH) is called a carboxyl group (carb from carbonyl and oxyl from hydroxyl group). Carboxylic acid may be an aliphatic or an aromatic depending upon whether –C–OH is attached to an alkyl group ( or a hydrogen atom) or an aryl group. Their general formulas are; ALIPHATIC CARBOXYLIC ACID:
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ganiceWorksheet 3: Organic molecules This section will dealt with the main organic molecules in living things: carbohydrates‚ fats ( lipids )‚ proteins and nucleic acids. A) Web site name: Florida State College Jacksonville Web URL: http://web.fscj.edu/David.Byres/foodfiles.htm Read “Carbohydrates” 1) What does the body use carbohydrates for? One of the main jobs of carbohydrates is to provide fuel for the body to do its job. So if we want to run or walk somewhere or play sports or even
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Chapter 17: Alcohols and Phenols C O O H H sp3 alcohol pKa~ 16-18 phenol (aromatic alcohol) pKa~ 10 Alcohols contain an OH group connected to a saturated carbon (sp3) Phenols contain an OH group connected to a carbon of a benzene ring O H C C H C C O chemistry dominated by the keto form 76 enol keto H O H R O H R O R R O O R’ water alcohol R S H ether R S R peroxide R S S R’ thiols thioether disulfides
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Part 5: Synthesis‚ characterization and evaluation of COS-SMCC-(fatty acyl) CGKRK as in vitro gene delivery system to MDA-231 The delivery of siRNA is a great challenge due to its susceptibility to serum nuclease digestion‚ quick renal clearance. In addition to its anionic charge which hampers its cellular uptake. Therefore‚ the success of the gene carrier system relays on‚ the design of a delivery system that can protect siRNA molecules from enzymatic degradation‚ the ability to translocate the
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Protein Hydrolysis and Characterization Group 7 Niez‚ Robert Francis‚ *Orbin‚ Alfonso Ricardo* Parro‚ Athena Emmanuelle Peralta‚ Christian Department of Biological Sciences‚ University of Santo Tomas‚ Manila‚ Philippines • Abstract Hydrolyzed Protein is protein that has been hydrolyzed or broken down into its component amino acids. While there are many means of achieving this‚ two of the most common are prolonged boiling in a strong acid (acid-HVP) or strong base or using an enzyme such
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