Classification for Functional Groups Alcohols Lucas test (Differentiates primary‚ secondary‚ and tertiary alcohols) Reagent: ZnCl2 in conc. HCl Observation: Rate of reaction (tertiary alcohol> secondary alcohol> primary alcohol) Procedure: 2mL Lucas Reagent in test tube+ 3-4 drops of alcohol‚ stopper‚ shake vigorously‚ NOTE time required (less than 10m mins only) to form an emulsion or separate layers. Oxidation (Confirms if alcohol is oxidizable: presence of H in C-OH bond) Reagent:
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The Equilibrium Constant of an Ester Hydrolysis Reaction Jesus Flores March 30th‚ 2015 Abstract: This experiment was conducted in order to discover the Kc‚ equilibrium constant‚ of a hydrolysis reaction of an unknown ester #2‚ unknown acid‚ and alcohol #2 products. The first week consisted of creating the reaction mixtures in bottles‚ next was preparing a NaOH solution while neutralizing with KHP. The final week consisted of titrating the bottles with the NaOH solution prepared previously
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Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Bromination of Aromatic Compounds Introduction: The experiment focuses on finding out what kind of activating effects that four different substituents will have on an aromatic benzene ring. The substituents being tested are aniline‚ anisole‚ acetamide (acetanilide)‚ and phenol. All four of these groups are either para or ortho activating. Bromination is the reaction that will be carried out. The melting point ranges of the final products will be taken in order
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The goals of this experiment are to determine if the products derived from amide synthesis and Williamson Ether Synthesis are identical‚ and if one of the synthetic routes is more advantageous than the other. In Part 1‚ an attempt to synthesize acteophenetidin crystals by amide synthesis was made. We began by removing the colored impurities from the p-Phenetidine (reddish-brown) by placing 2g of the sample in 38 mL of hydrochloric acid and heating the solution to boiling point. Upon reaching just
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HYDROLYSIS OF ESTERS Anhydrous alkanoic acids react with alcohols in the presence of heated sulphuric acid (H2SO4) to form an ester and water. This process is known as esterification. This can be represented by the equation: Alkanoic acid + Alcohol (means reversible eq) ester + water Esters occur naturally in fruits and flowers and are described as oily‚ sweet smelling liquids. Vegetable oils and animal fats are esters of long-chain acids. Esters can undergo a range of reactions and
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Chemicals of Life • With the exception of water‚ virtually all chemicals of life are CARBON based • Molecules that contain Carbon are considered organic with some exceptions such as CO2 • Carbon has 4 valence electrons so it is oriented in a tetrahedron shape Sketch→ • Carbon can form up to 4 covalent bonds and can form long chains‚ rings‚ and branched chain molecules • Carbon acts as the backbone of biological molecules • Molecules that only contain carbon and hydrogen are known as hydrocarbons→
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Chem 140C Practice Midterm I Answer Key April 2013 Q1_________(- points) Q2_________(- points) Q3_________(-- points) Q4_________(-- points) Q5_________(-- points) Q6_________(-- points) Total_________(100 points) Only use the front side of each page for your answers. Nothing on the back sides will be graded. If you write the exam in pencil or erasable pen‚ you give up your right to any kind of regrade. Name_______________________ PID#_________________________ 1. Amine Basicity (5 points)
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phenylethylamine which comprises contacting an optical antipode therefore‚ e.g.‚ L(-) or D(+)-1-phenylethylamine with sodium amide or sodium hydride. Claim: What is claimed is: 1. A process for preparing racemic 1-phenylethylamine which comprises contacting L(-)-1-phenylethylamine or D(+)-1-phenylethylamine with 0.01 to 1 weight percent‚ based on theamount of said phenylethylamine‚ of sodium amide or sodium hydride at a temperature of 70.degree. to 150.degree. C. for a period of time between 5 and 15 minutes
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derivatives areusually seen in industrial processes and mostbiological pathways. Esters can be seen as fatsand within the cell membrane. Esters are alsopresent in pleasant smelling liquids that areresponsible with the fragrant odor of fruits andflowers. Amides are also present in animalprotein and also in industrial products such asnylon. Acid chlorides and acid anhydrides areused in the synthesis of carboxylic derivatives.These are not usually found in nature because of its high reactivity property.One
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Biocatalysis and Biotransformation Redesigning existing enzymes by protein engineering Metabolic engineering for multistep biotransformation Cyanide Biotransformation Redesigning existing enzymes by protein engineering WHAT IS PROTEIN ENGINEERING??? It is a process of developing useful or valuable proteins which involves * Modification of existing enzymes * Production of new enzymes In other words‚ the design and construction of new proteins or enzymes with novel or desired functions
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