Resting membrane potentials Definition: Large nerve fibers when not transmitting nerve signals is about 90 millivolt. That is‚ the potential inside the fiber is 90 millivolts more negative than the potential in the extracellular fluid on the outside of the fiber. The Na+-k+ pump also causes large concentration gradients for sodium and potassium across the resting nerve membrane. These gradients are the following: Sodium ( outside): 142 mEq/L Sodium ( inside): 14 mEq/L Potassium ( outside):
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Evaluation Like any experiment‚ there were a number of potential errors during the procedure of the experiment. Errors could have arisen as a result of the uncertainties associated with the instruments I used to take measurements‚ and also as a result of errors associated with the actual method. Of course‚ due to the limitations of the procedure‚ they could not be eliminated completely‚ so I will explain what I did to reduce them to an acceptable level and how I could have improved my method to
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Lab #5: Dissolved Oxygen Lab Be sure to read and understand the below instructions BEFORE the lab! Experiment 1: Investigating the Effect of Temperature and Salinity on the Concentration of Dissolved Oxygen in Water Introduction: In an aquatic environment‚ oxygen must be in a solution in a free state (O2) before it is available for use by organisms (bio-available). Its concentration and distribution in the aquatic environment are directly dependent on chemical and physical factors and are
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Planning Exercise Aim To investigate the effect of phosphate on cell division in root tips. Background knowledge Phosphate ions (macronutrients) are needed large amounts by plants. They are required for root growth. For the root tips cells to divide‚ mitosis has to occur. Phosphate is needed for production of ATP which provides energy for mitosis to occur. DNA replication occurs during interphase of the cell cycle. DNA is made up of nitrogen containing base‚ pentose sugar and phosphate group
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MOTOR TEMPERATURE RATINGS A frequently misunderstood subject related to electric motors is insulation class and temperature ratings. This paper tries to describe‚ in basic terms‚ the temperature relationships that are meaningful in standard AC induction motors. Some of the same information can be applied to DC motors but DC motors are more specialized and some of the ratings are slightly different. Perhaps the best way to start is to define the commonly used terms. MOTOR SURFACE TEMPERATURES
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BAD EFFECTS OF CELL PHONE ON SOCIETY A report by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) said there were about six billion cell phone subscriptions at the end of 2011-roughly one for 86 of every 100 people. Up to now‚ this number has continued to increase dramatically. This proves certainly that cell phone affects our society more strongly and more deeply in many aspects. No one can deny that cell phone is playing a very important and necessary role in our society because it not only
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Temperature Rising Global Warming is the increase in the average temperature of the Earth’s near-surface air‚ landmasses‚ and oceans its projected prolongation. Many believe that the Earth is currently facing warming in the ozone layer brought on by the rising levels of trapped gases known as the greenhouse effect resulting especially from pollution. Global warming is‚ in Laymen’s terms‚ altering the balance in energy of the earth (Reid 27). “The topic of climatic change has been in question
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The cell is the fundamental structural unit of all living organisms. Some cells are complete organisms‚ such as the unicellular bacteria and protozoa; others‚ such as nerve‚ liver‚ and muscle cells‚ are specialized components of multi-cellular organisms. Cells range in size from the smallest bacteria-like mycoplasmas‚ which are 0.1 micrometer in diameter‚ to the egg yolks of ostriches‚ which are about 8 cm (about 3 in) in diameter. Although they may differ widely in appearance and function‚ all cells
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Twitter. The technological advancement that affects our writing the most is the cell phone. Cell phones have become such a must have item that people bring them where ever they go. Although this item is popular‚ there are pros and cons of using cell phones; including the effect cell phones have on our writing skills. Does text messaging affect our writing skills enough to completely stop text messaging though? Since the cell phone was first invented it has advanced more than we can imagine. These days
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youth is Bombarded with the ill effects on the health of the user of the mobile phones‚ does this information‚ in any way‚ impact the usage of the phone by the youth? How does mobile affect the relationship of the user and her/ his close relationships? The whole world is accepting and adopting the ways towards the advancement of technology. The youth is playing a vital role in this rapid pace. The strong and mighty cultures are toppling the frail ones. Cell phones affect our built environment
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