Discipline 1.1 History i) ii) iii) iv) v) vi) Credit – 2 Early observation of microorganisms Spontaneous generation conflict : Contribution of scientists Recognition of the microbial role in diseases. Koch’s postulates Recognition of microbial role in fermentations. Discovery of microbial effects on organic and inorganic matter. Pure culture concept. vii) Aseptic surgery General characteristics of microorganisms. 2.1 i) ii) iii) iv) General principles ( Bacteria ) Taxonomic rank Classification system Numerical
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CH4 Prokaryotic Cells No nucleus Plasma membrane Selective permeability lets molecules pass. Enzymes for ATP production. Photosynthetic pigment on folding (on chromatophores or thylakoids). Leakage occurs if damaged by alcohols‚ ammonium‚ and polymyxin antibiotics. Phospholipid bilayer‚ peripheral proteins‚ integral protein‚ transmembrane protein‚ sterols‚ glycocalyx Movement across Membranes Simple diffusion: Movement of solute from high concentration to low Facilitative diffusion: Solute
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materials‚ are used for life by an organism? Q. 3. What are enzymes? Q. 4. Explain the action of saliva secreted from salivary glands on the food? Q. 5. Name the common process‚ both in the aerobic and anaerobic respirations? Q. 6. Name the products produced by the fermentation of glucose by the yeast cell? Q. 7. Why is it necessary to separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in mammals and birds? Q. 8. Name the functional unit of human kidney? Q. 9. The xylem in plants is responsible for __________
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Cellular Respiration Cellular respiration is a chemical process that produces adenosine triphosphate‚ or otherwise known as ATP for energy that is also needed to survive. It leaves waste products‚ carbon dioxide and water‚ which is needed for photosynthesis‚ a process that only plants use. Production of ATP through the process of cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria of the cytosol inside plant and animal cells. Cellular respiration occurs in three stages‚ Glycolysis‚ which happens in
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The Figure 4.20 shows the profile growth of Escherichia coli type K-12 which was cultured in 20 g/L of glycerol treated with supplements from a carbon source under anaerobic condition and the medium supplemented with 10 g/L of trypton. About 10% working volume of inoculums were added to the medium for the profile growth process. The effects on growth curves of strains of Escherichia coli were investigated by measuring the concentration of succinic acid produced and its optical density by using HPLC
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Ltd: An Overview Alcoholic Beverages Brewing: How Beer is made Brewing: Process Overview Beer Production: Flowchart Beer Production: Ingredients Beer Production Process o o o o o o o Mashing Lautering Boiling and Hopping Hop Separation and Cooling Fermentation Filtration Packaging 13 13 14 14 15 16 17 18 4 5 8 9 10 11 Quality Control in Beer Production 3 Kool Breweries Ltd: An Overview Kool Breweries Limited is a premium-branded beverage company dedicated to delivering quality products enjoyed
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with bromine water (subsitution reaction‚ only under sunlight‚ that is UV light): ▪ C6H12 (l) + Br2(aq) [pic]C6H11Br(aq) + HBr(aq) • Fermentation and combustion of ethanol: – Fermentation of glucose: ▪ glucose [pic] ethanol + carbon dioxide ▪ C6H12O6 (aq) [pic] 2C2H5OH (aq) + 2CO2 (g) ▪ Note: the yeast used is zymase
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Questions 1. It showed that fermentation started to occur once the oxygen is gone‚ and the yeast will respire anaerobically. It is proven once it smelled like alcohol. 2. Aerobic respiration occurs in the presence of oxygen‚ CO2 and water are produced‚ and occur in plant and animal cells. In Aerobic respiration‚ glucose is broken down into CO2‚ H20 and ATP; more ATP is released (38). Anaerobic respiration happens in the presence of no oxygen and occurs in many anaerobic bacteria and in muscle cells
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No. 8-16‚ revised. USDA‚ Washington‚ D.C. 10. United States Pharmacopeial Convention‚ Inc. 2008. The United States pharmacopeia 31/The national formulary 26‚ Supp. 1‚ 8-1-08‚ online. United States Pharmacopeial Convention‚ Inc.‚ Rockville‚ Md. 11. Yeast Extracts: Production‚ properties and components. 13 Dec. 2002. . Bacto Proteose Peptone‚ BiTek Proteose Peptone‚ Bacto Proteose Peptone No. 2‚ Bacto Proteose Peptone No. 3 and Bacto Proteose Peptone No. 4 are enzymatic digests of protein. Bacto Proteose
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of Salt Yeast‚ Yeast Production - Enzymes - their functions in dough Sugar and Milk - Properties and Role of milk and Sugar in Bakery Leavening agents - What are leavening agents? - Different Leavening agents - their functions in Baking Industry Spices used in baking and their functions; flavoring - Nuts and fruits - their function in bread making Food colours; Setting materials - types - their function in baking; Cocoa and Chocolate Bakery unit operations including mixing - fermentation - Proofing
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