Acids And BAses Acids And BAses 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.5 Theories of acids and bases Properties of acids and bases Strong and weak acids & bases The pH scale Calculations involving acids and bases (AHL) Buffer solutions (AHL) Salt hydrolysis (AHL) Acid-base titrations (AHL) Indicators (AHL) 8 8.1 THeORies OF Acids And BAses 8.1.1 Define acids and bases according to the Brønsted–Lowry and Lewis theories. 8.1.2 Deduce whether or not a species could act as a Brønsted–Lowry
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Determination of Vitamin C by an Iodometric Titration Purpose: The goal of this lab is to determine the concentration of vitamin C in juices and Real Lemon. A redox titration‚ involving an iodometric method‚ will be used to do the analysis. The samples will be classified by their Vitamin C content. Introduction: Although most mammals can synthesize vitamin C‚ or ascorbic acid (C6H8O6)‚ from sugars‚ man must ingest considerable quantities of this substance. The National Academy of Sciences recommends
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Discussion The acid neutralising capacity (ANC) of 3 brands of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) tablets was determined by reacting the tablets in excess standardized hydrochloric acid (HCl) and then back-titrating with a standardized sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution. Back titration was required for two reasons. Firstly‚ CaCO3 tablets are poorly water-soluble but dissolve rapidly in acid. Secondly‚ CaCO3 is a weak base so it is difficult to determine the end point of the reaction if titrated directly. Assuming
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SODIUM DISORDERS * Identify specific types of hyponatremia and hypernatremia using diagnostic criteria and assessment questions * Hyponatremia * Mild: 125-130 * Nausea‚ Malaise * Moderate: 115-125 * HA‚ Lethargy‚ Restlessness‚ Disorientation * Severe: <115 * Seizures‚ Coma‚ Resp/Brainstem damage * Hypernatremia * Mild: 145-160 * Asymptomatic * Moderate: 160-180
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dissolves salts which contains ions of sodium‚ magnesium‚ calcium‚ iron‚ and many other metal; however‚ the most prevalent ion found is calcium. Since calcium ions typically make the most predominant contribution to water hardness‚ by convention hardness is reported as mg 〖CaCo〗_3/L of solution. Water with a hardness value less than 60 ppm is considered “soft” water‚ while water ≥ 200 ppm 〖CaCo〗_3/L is labeled as “hard”. How: Ethylenediamminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) is a complex versatile chelating
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BRONSTED-LOWRY ACIDS AND BASES 1. The Bronsted-Lowry definition There are many definitions of acids and bases in existence‚ but the most useful one is the Bronsted-Lowry definition: An acid is a substance which can behave as a proton (re presented as a hydrogen ion‚ H+) donor. Any substance which contains hydrogen bonded to a more electronegative element can thus behave as an acid: HCl == H+ + Cl- H2SO4 == H+ + HSO4- A base is a substance which can behave as a proton acceptor. Any
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Investigation How does the concentration of the sodium thiosulfate affect the rate of reaction to hydrochloric acid? contents page 1: contents‚ aim‚ prediction‚ equation‚ diagram page 2: equipment‚ preliminary experiments page 3: page 4: page 5: page 6: page 7: page 8: Aim: In my investigation I am trying to find out how the rate of reaction between sodium thiosulfate and hydrochloric acid gets affected but the concentration of the thiosulfate. Prediction: My prediction is that the increased
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Therefore‚ Williams and Woessner (2009‚ pp. 640-646) state that the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology published a report of a comprehensive analysis of the safety of MSG and established a list of symptoms that constitutes the syndrome as shown in table 1. The less pejorative and more inclusive term Monosodium glutamate symptom complex (MSGSC) was also proposed. Additionally‚ these studies suggest
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GCSE SCIENCE COURSEWORK (CHEMISTRY) PLANNING: Skill Area P Write down the aim of your Investigation. To investigate the effects of change in concentration on the rate of reaction between Sodium Thiosulphate and Hydrochloric Acid. Briefly describe your Preliminary Experiment and include your results. Explain how these results have helped you plan your main experiment (p8b). An increase in concentration will lead to an increase in the rate of reaction because there will be a greater number of
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Procedure: Part I: Titration with an Indicator 1. Fill the 50-milliliter buret with a 0.25 molar NaOH solution. 2. Record volume. 3. Measure out between 20 milliliters and 40 milliliters of the unknown HCl solution. 4. Record volume. 5. The amount of unknown HCl is then added to the 100-milliliter Erlenmeyer flask. 6. Add two drops of the indicator‚ phenolphthalein‚ to the acid in the flask. 7. Using the slider on the right hand side‚ add NaOH to the HCl in the Erlenmeyer
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