in the body (by regulating the quantity of water in the blood - see above)‚ * Adjusting the flow of blood both into‚ and out of‚ the kidneys‚ and * Via the action of the enzyme renin. The kidneys secret renin‚ which activates the angiotensin-aldosterone pathway. 3. Regulation of the pH of the blood: The kidneys excrete H+ ions (hydrogen atoms that lack their single electron)‚ into urine. At the same time‚ the kidneys also conserve bicarbonate ions
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How can AKI be prevented? According to the National Confidential Enquiry into Patient Outcome and Death 2009‚ up to 30% of cases of acute kidney injury may be preventable and the best ’treatment of AKI is prevention.’ [3]This can mainly be done by identifying patients most at risk as early as possible. This would involve constant monitoring of urinary output and serum creatinine levels for the high risk patients. However in general‚ all hospitalized patients with acute illness should be monitored
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Functions: A. Provides area for gas exchange between air and blood B. Moves air to and from area of gas exchange C. Protects gas exchange surfaces D. Sound production E. Provides olfactory sensations to the CNS F. Capillaries in lungs produce angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) II. 4 Respiratory processes A. Pulmonary ventilation (breathing) 1. Move air in and out of lungs B. External respiration 1. Gas diffusion across respiratory membrane 2. O2 loading / CO2 unloading C. Internal respiration
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Alterations in Fluids‚ Electrolytes‚ and Acid-Base Balance Composition & Compartment Distribution of Body Fluids ← Body fluids are distributed between the intracellular fluid (ICF) and extracellular fluid (ECF) compartments. The ICF compartment consists of fluid contained within all of the billions of cells in the body. It is the larger of the two compartments‚ containing approximately two thirds of the body water in healthy adults. ← The remaining one third of body water is in
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Analysis of “The Hot Tub Mystery” Part I 1. The paramedics found empty wine bottles on the ledge surrounding the hot tub‚ and the bodies of Roma and Clint Underhill on the bottom of the hot tub. The water of the hot tub seemed way too hot and the Underhill’s had both been dead for a while when the paramedics arrived. 2. The maid should be asked the following questions about the situation: Is the water usually this hot? If so‚ what temperature? When did you arrive at the home? When did you discover
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As the evolution of animals has evolved‚ the organization and function of internal body structures has increased in complexity. As a result‚ the process of homeostasis has taken the role of maintaining the body’s ability to properly function. Homeostasis is defined as a process in the body that attempts to stabilize and maintain a constant condition in a biological system by means of automatic mechanisms that work against influences leaning towards disequilibrium. This action primarily aims to preserve
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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE HEART Anatomy: The heart and heart wall layers: The heart is located in the left side of the mediastinum; it consists of three muscle layers the Endocardium‚ myocardium‚ and epicardium. The epicardium is the outermost layer of the heart. The myocardium is the idle layer of and actual contracting muscle of the heart. The endocardium is the innermost layer and lines the inner chambers and heart valves. Pericardial sac: The pericardial sac encases and protects
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Polypharmacy refers to the simultaneous treatment of an illness‚ with two or more medications‚ that share a similar mechanism of action and therapeutic effect. A common reason doctors use this technique is to gain a greater or a more rapid therapeutic effect than achieved with monotherapy. Also‚ the multiple medications prescribed help to treat the wide range of symptoms associated with the mental illness. Polypharmacy in treatment- resistant patients is considered “common practice” in some mental
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Name of Drug | | Mechanism of Action | Indication | Adverse Effect | Special Consideration | Nursing Responsibility | Rationale | Generic Name:AcetylcysteineBrand Name:(Fluimucil)Classification:MucolyticAntidote | Dosage:200mgFrequency:Route:Oral (diluted in ½ glass of water) | Splits links in the mucoprotein contained in respiratory mucus secretion‚ decreasing the viscosity of the mucus. | Mucolytic adjuvant theraphy for abnormal‚ viscid or inspissated mucus secretion in acute and chronic bronchopulmonary
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As long as you are alive‚ your body will constantly metabolize organic molecules and produce waste products. If you can not get rid of these metabolic waste products‚ they will accumulate to toxic levels and poison your body. The urinary system is very important because it perform the essential function of getting rid of these metabolic wastes. Main Structures of the Urinary System The main structures that make up the urinary system are two kidneys (contains nephrons)‚ two ureters‚ one bladder‚ one
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