Chronic kidney disease (CKD) often presents with a "subtle" clinical presentation (Buttaro‚ Tybulski‚ Polgar Bailey‚ & Sandberg-Cook‚ 2013‚ p. 766). Therefore‚ clinicians need to be aware of the risk factors for CKD and screen patients who present with such factors that place them at risk for this condition. This paper will review the clinical presentation‚ diagnosis‚ patient history‚ physical exam‚ and diagnostics associated with the recognition of CKD. Treatment options will be discussed with
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Excretion • Removal of nitrogenous wastes from the body Nitrogenous wastes • Ammonia o Most toxic o Needs more water for getting excreted o Diffuses across general body surfaces o Examples of organisms excreting ammonia: fishes‚ aquatic amphibians and aquatic insects o Such organisms are called ammonotelic. • Urea o Less toxic o Requires less water for excretion o Terrestrial adaptation for conservation of water o Ammonia Urea o Examples of organisms excreting urea: terrestrial amphibians
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high blood pressure. 1.) Diuretics‚ it acts on the kidneys to help your body eliminate sodium and water‚ reducing blood volume. 2.)Beta-blockers reduce the workload of the heart and open the blood vessels. 3.) Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors help to relax blood vessel and the Angiotensin II receptor blockers also help relax blood vessels. 4.) Calcium channel blockers that help relax the muscles or your blood vessels‚ slow heart rate. Some additional medications that are sometimes used to treat
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GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF DISORDERS OF WATER BALANCE (HYPONATREMIA AND HYPERNATREMIA) AND SODIUM BALANCE (HYPOVOLEMIA AND EDEMA) Literature review current through: Sep 2013. | This topic last updated: ene 15‚ 2013. 1. INTRODUCTION — The plasma sodium concentration is regulated by changes in water intake and excretion‚ not by changes in sodium balance. hyponatremia is primarily due to the intake of water that cannot be excreted hypernatremia is primarily due to the loss of water that has not
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PMH/PSH Current Medications (include dose‚ dose range‚ route‚ frequency) Class/Mechanism of Action (be brief do not copy and paste) Expected Therapeutic Effect for this patient Nursing Considerations and Side effects Enoxaparin(Lovenox) 40 MG PRN Sub-Q injection Anticoagulant; low molecular weight Heparin Low molecular weight heparin with antithrombotic properties Allergic reactions (rash‚ urticarial)‚ fever‚ angioedema‚ arthralgia‚ pain‚ and inflammation at injection site‚ peripheral edema.
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concentration rise in patients with acidosis? What is this called? What effects does it have? 4. Saline solution is used to reverse hypotonic hydration. Are body cell membranes permeable to saline? Explain your response. 5. Explain the renin-angiotensin mechanism. 6. Explain how ADH compensates for blood that contains too many solutes. Answers 1. Three types of homeostasis are involved: fluid balance‚ electrolyte balance‚ and acid-base balance. Fluid balance means that the total quantity of
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Atrial Fibrillation and the clinical impact Atrial Fibrillation (AFib) is most frequent cardiac arrhythmias that characterized by extremely rapid irregular atrial rhythm; resulted from ectopic focal impulses production. An estimated prevalence of 33.5 million people suffering from AFib with the incidence of 5 million new cases annually. Associate with the substantial clinical complications like heart failure‚ embolus such as cerebral emboli with a portion of 25%-30% of all acute ischemic stroke
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Case Study: Urinary‚ Fluid & Electrolyte balance The cardiovascular system and the urinary system are intimately entwined. When the cardiovascular system experiences stress‚ the urinary system can be directly impacted. For example in hemorrhagic shock‚ when the body is rapidly depleted of circulating blood volume‚ the kidneys are often one of the first vital organs affected due to lack of perfusion. The kidneys are dependent on the sufficient cardiac output that the heart delivers. So when the
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Anatomy Review: The Heart Graphics are used with permission of: Pearson Education Inc.‚ publishing as Benjamin Cummings (http://www.aw-bc.com) Page 1. Introduction • The heart is the transport system pump; the delivery routes are the blood vessels. Using blood as the transport medium‚ the heart propels oxygen‚ nutrients‚ wastes‚ and other substances to and past the body cells. Page 2. Goals • To review the anatomy of the heart. • To review the pulmonary and systemic circuits. • To review
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Achievement of Guideline-Concordant Care and In-Hospital Outcomes in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease in Teaching and Nonteaching Hospitals : Results From the Get With The Guidelines −Coronary Artery Disease Program Lori M. Tam‚ Gregg C. Fonarow‚ Deepak L. Bhatt‚ Maria V. Grau-Sepulveda‚ Adrian F. Hernandez‚ Eric D. Peterson‚ Lee H. Schwamm and Robert P. Giugliano Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2013;6;58-65; originally published online December 11‚ 2012; DOI: 10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.112.965525
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