The special sense of taste starts in the mouth. After you have gone through the drive through and begin eating your favorite burger‚ your taste buds‚ which contain gustatory receptor cells are stimulated. Each gustatory receptor cell has a gustatory hair and a taste pore. As you eat‚ food particles mix with saliva and enter the taste pore‚ in turn interacting with the gustatory hair. Once it is stimulated‚ the message then travels down your glossopharyngeal cranial nerve in order for you to interpret
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STUDY GUIDE FOR PRINCIPLES OF AUTONOMIC PHARMACOLOGY (Fall 2013) Drug-receptor Interactions Know general characteristics of signal-transducing receptors: Bind to a ligand (drug or endogenous molecule) Participate in a signaling cascade Distinguish from non-receptor-mediated drug action Graded or Dose-Response effects (vs. all-or-none) Understand “occupational theory” of drug action Molecular basis (ligand-receptor interaction) Mathematical description Occupational theory: Response = Max
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for a while in youth and then stopped. According to several recent NIDA-funded studies‚ such differing smoking patterns and responses may arise because individuals inherit different forms of half a dozen genes that dictate the features of the brain receptor to which nicotine binds. Some have studied genes that control certain neurotransmitters in the brain‚ while others have looked at genes related to addictive traits Research done by scientists like Satti‚ claim that they have found that genetic
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Myasthenia gravis literally translates to “grave muscle weakness;” since 1672‚ when the disease was first recorded‚ to the early twentieth-century‚ the majority of patients diagnosed with it ended up passing away. Medical practitioners back then did not know myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease that attacks the neuromuscular junction‚ causing weakness and abnormal fatigue of the muscles. Nor‚ did they have sophisticated treatment options‚ such as drugs and surgery‚ to care for their patients
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Unit 5 Notes Chapter 41 Diuretics Drugs that increase urinary output Two major applications Treatment of hypertension Mobilization of edematous fluid to prevent renal failure Introduction to Diuretics Figure 41-1 How diuretics work – mechanism of action Blockade of sodium and chloride reabsorption Site of action Proximal tubule produces greatest diuresis Adverse effects Hypovolemia Acid-base imbalance Electrolyte imbalances Figure 41-2 Classification of diuretics Four major categories
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histaminergic‚ or serotonergic receptors. Vomiting can also be induced by chemicals carried in the blood that are detected by the chemosensitive trigger zone (CTZ)‚ an area of the medulla oblongata that receives inputs from hormones in the blood. This is potentially exploitable‚ as the CTZ is functionally outside the blood–brain barrier. Animal studies have shown that the area contains high concentrations of 5-HT3‚ and dopamine (D2). In humans‚ drugs acting as antagonists at these receptors help to ease nausea
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Different stimuli activate different sensory receptors. Chemical stimuli activate the chemoreceptors responsible for gustatory and olfactory perceptions. Because taste and smell are both reactions to the chemical makeup of solutions‚ the two senses are closely related. Taste is a chemical sense perceived by specialized receptor cells that make up taste buds. In humans‚ the chemoreceptor’s that detect taste are called gustatory receptor cells. About 50 receptor cells as well as basal and supporting
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Chemoreception The senses of gustation (taste) and olfaction (smell) fall under the category of chemoreception. Specialized cells act as receptors for certain chemical compounds. As these compounds react with the receptors‚ an impulse is sent to the brain and is registered as a certain taste or smell. Gustation and olfaction are chemical senses because the receptors they contain are sensitive to the molecules in the food we eat‚ along with the air we breathe. Gustatory System In humans‚ the sense
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relief but prevention. Tegamet already had an established marketing base that consisted of customers who knew the brand name and were weary to switch to another product. The main point of entry for Pepcid AC would be educating the public on the H2-receptor antagonist prescription drugs‚ the reduced number of pills needed‚ and the difference between market-standard Tegamet and new Pepcid AC. My recommendation would be to consider TV advertising as a main means of communicating the product offering
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Neuropsychopharmacology‚ 15: 429-436. Livingstone P.D. et al. 2009. α7 and non-α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors modulate dopamine release in vitro and in vivo in the rat prefrontal cortex. EJN. 29:539-550. Martin L.F. et al. 2004. Alpha-7 nicotinic receptor agonists: potential new candidates for treatment of schizophrenia. Neuropharmacology‚ 174:54-64. Martin L.F. et al. 2004. Alpha-7 nicotinic receptor agonists: potential new candidates for treatment of schizophrenia. Neuropharmacology‚ 174:54-64. Sacco
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