➢ Diuretics ➢ (-Blockers ➢ ACE Inhibitors ➢ Angiotensin II-Receptor Antagonists ➢ Renin Inhibitors ➢ Calcium Channel Blockers ➢ (-Blockers 2) Antianginal Drugs ➢ Organic Nitrates ➢ (-Blockers ➢ Calcium Channel Blockers 3) Drug Treatment of Heart Failure ➢ Renin-Angiotensin System Blockers ➢ (-Blocker ➢ Diuretics ➢ Direct
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osmotic pressure. Loss of cell water is detected by osmoreceptors‚ located mainly in the hypothalamus‚ and their stimulation gives rise to thirst. Hypovolemia is detected by vascular stretch receptors which are found in the walls of heart and vasculature (Gauer & Henry‚ 1963). During hypovolemia‚ angiotensin II levels in plasma increase due to low pressure in the renal artery that stimulates renin release. The brain is then informed about the changes in volume by inputs from the heart and baroreceptors
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Assignment: Treatment of Heart Failure: The severity of HF is determined by The New York Carvedilol and Ramipril Heart Association classification (NYHA)‚ which is Keywords: Heart failure‚ beta-blockers‚ carvedilol‚ summarized in the table 15. angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors‚ ramipril. INTRODUCTION Heart failure (HF) is the disease of the elderly. Over 70% of the patients are older than 65 years. The risk of having the condition rises with age. HF can be defined as a clinical syndrome. The
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oral drug available as a regular/extended release tablet to be taken twice daily. STRUCTURE MECHANISM OF ACTION It is a selective serotonin receptor inhibitor that inhibits reuptake of serotonin and causes subsensitivity of adrenoceptors. It induces significant changes in 5HT presynaptic adrenoceptor. It also blocks histamine (H1) and α1- adrenergic receptors significantly.
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No such therapies have been discovered for diastolic heart failure; however‚ angiotensin receptive blocking agents have the potential to decrease morbidity in the patients‚ but not the mortality. (Chatterjee 574). Although patients with diastolic heart failure have a lower annual mortality rate than patients with systolic heart failure
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CHAPTER 15 The Endocrine System NOTES 1. Name 4 ways cells communicate with each other and name important characteristics of each. Answers a. gap junctions: really fast‚ nondirectional‚ part of nervous system b. neurotransmitters: fast‚ directional‚ specific‚ limited effects‚ part of nervous system c. paracrines: local tissue fluids‚ nondirectional‚ limited effects d. hormones: slower in onset‚ systemic in bloodstream‚ sustained effects 2. The area of the brain that is
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Lab 7: The Kidney’s Role in Fluid Balance Introduction The renal system performs a vital role in homeostasis. The kidneys’ ability to retain valuable constituents and expel metabolic wastes from the body enables this system to regulate the volume‚ osmolarity‚ and pH of body’s internal fluid environment (Sherwood‚ 2007‚ p. 511). The functional unit of the kidney‚ referred to as the nephron‚ is composed of both tubular components—Bowman’s capsule proximal tubule‚ loop of Henle‚ the distal tubule
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Gingivitis The longer plaque and tartar are on teeth‚ the more harmful they become. The bacteria cause inflammation of the gums that is called "gingivitis." In gingivitis‚ the gums become red‚ swollen and can bleed easily. Gingivitis is a mild form of gum disease that can usually be reversed with daily brushing and flossing‚ and regular cleaning by a dentist or dental hygienist. This form of gum disease does not include any loss of bone and tissue that hold teeth in place. [pic]Back to top
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Regulation of Blood Pressure and Blood Volume One way the body regulates blood pressure and blood volume is through the body’s use of baroreceptors‚ a mechanoreceptor of the nervous system. If there were low arterial blood pressure‚ the baroreceptors in one’s blood vessels could detect this. One’s baroreceptors in the aorta and carotid sinus of the cardiac system are constantly monitoring blood pressure. They send messages containing any changes through the central nervous system to the medulla oblongata
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term mechanism incorporates the release of hormones such as antidiuretic hormone‚ angiotensin 2‚ erythropoietin and aldosterone in attempt to increase blood pressure. The kidneys release renin as a reaction to the decreased renal blood pressure and volume (Martini‚ Ober‚ & Nath‚ 2015). This response results in the activation of angiotensin 1‚ which is converted in the lung capillaries to angiotensin 2 by angiotensin converting enzyme assisting in the control of blood pressure. Erythropoietin is also
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