mechanisms for controlling blood pressure: (1) cardiac input and output equilibration‚ (2) blood volume maintenance‚ (3) endocrine control‚ (4) peripheral resistance (systemic vascular resistance) maintenance‚ (5) baroreceptor reflex‚ and (6) the renin-angiotensin system (Foxall‚ 2009). All six mechanisms work independently of one another but also can have positive or negative effects on each other. The mean arterial pressure can be related to arterial blood volume. Cardiac output affects the
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Introduction The primary function of the heart is to transport blood throughout the body‚ which delivers oxygen‚ nutrients and chemicals to the cells of the body to ensure their survival and proper function and to remove the cellular wastes. For the body to achieve this‚ it must maintain a certain blood pressure within the body to overcome gravity and orthostatic changes. If the body did not keep a certain pressure‚ distal cells and organs would not be able to receive a constant blood supply and
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diuretics are often the first choice in high BP medications. Thiazide diuretics include: hydrochlorothiazide (Microzide)‚ chlorthalidone and others. Diuretics or calcium channel blockers may work better for African-Americans and older people than do angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors alone. Beta blockers are another type of medication; they reduce the workload on your heart and open your blood vessels‚ causing your heart to beat slower and with less force. Beta blockers include: acebutolol
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Amino acid derivatives‚ peptides‚ and proteins Steroids Synthesized from cholesterol Gonadal and adrenocortical hormones Mechanisms of Hormone Action Though hormones circulate systemically only cells with receptors for that hormone affected Target cells Tissues with receptors for specific hormone Hormones alter target cell activity Hormone action on target cells may be to Alter plasma membrane permeability and/or membrane potential by opening or closing ion channels Stimulate synthesis
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o conduction of the action potential o synaptic transmission o the principal effects of stimulation of the: sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system • Explain and give examples of the following types of drug action: o Receptors (agonists‚ antagonists and partial agonists) o Enzyme inhibition o Membrane transport systems • Apply your knowledge to explain action and side effects of β blockers and β2 agonists. The Action potential • Transmission is due to movement of
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blood pressure. 1.) Diuretics‚ it acts on the kidneys to help your body eliminate sodium and water‚ reducing blood volume. 2.)Beta-blockers reduce the workload of the heart and open the blood vessels. 3.) Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors help to relax blood vessel and the Angiotensin II receptor blockers also help relax blood vessels. 4.) Calcium channel blockers that help relax the muscles or your blood vessels‚ slow heart rate. Some additional medications that are sometimes used to treat high
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Achievement of Guideline-Concordant Care and In-Hospital Outcomes in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease in Teaching and Nonteaching Hospitals : Results From the Get With The Guidelines −Coronary Artery Disease Program Lori M. Tam‚ Gregg C. Fonarow‚ Deepak L. Bhatt‚ Maria V. Grau-Sepulveda‚ Adrian F. Hernandez‚ Eric D. Peterson‚ Lee H. Schwamm and Robert P. Giugliano Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2013;6;58-65; originally published online December 11‚ 2012; DOI: 10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.112.965525
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concentration rise in patients with acidosis? What is this called? What effects does it have? 4. Saline solution is used to reverse hypotonic hydration. Are body cell membranes permeable to saline? Explain your response. 5. Explain the renin-angiotensin mechanism. 6. Explain how ADH compensates for blood that contains too many solutes. Answers 1. Three types of homeostasis are involved: fluid balance‚ electrolyte balance‚ and acid-base balance. Fluid balance means that the total quantity of
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regulate water and electrolyte concentrations by secreting aldosterone. In contrast to the direct innervation of the medulla‚ the cortex is regulated by neuroendocrine hormones secreted by the pituitary gland and hypothalamus‚ as well as by the renin-angiotensin system. The adrenal cortex comprises three zones‚ or layers. This anatomic zonation can be appreciated at the microscopic level‚ where each zone can be recognized and distinguished from one another based on structural and anatomic characteristics
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Lennox-Gastaut syndrome‚ a severe form of childhood epilepsy that also causes developmental and behavior problems. 4) Functional Groups: Carboxamide Triazole Fluropheny Enalapril 1) Structure 2) Name: Enalapril maleate 3) Enalapril is an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor. Enalapril is used to treat high blood pressure known as hypertension and congestive heart failure. Enalapril is also used to treat a disorder of the ventricles 4) Functional Groups Carbonyl Phenyl propyl Butenedioate
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