disorders such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma and critical in the management of the disorders symptoms. There are 3 major classes of bronchodilators currently in use‚ namely xanthines‚ β2- adrenoceptor agonists and muscarinic receptor antagonists (2). Examples of drugs which fall into these classes are discussed later. They can be taken on their own or in combination. The relaxation/contraction of smooth muscle cells of the airways are influenced by the autonomic nervous system
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tactile sensilla receptor is posted on figure 1. FIGURE 1: Mean action potential activity of tactile sensilla receptors in femural of cockroach. In this experiment‚ it was found that there exists a spontaneous resting activity within the cockroach tibia even though tactile sensilla receptors have not yet been stimulated. From figure 1 it can be observed that the mean spontaneous resting activity of the cockroach leg is (42+/-9.7) action potentials/sec. After the tactile sensilla receptors were stimulated
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when the signaling molecule binds to a receptor protein located at the cell’s surface or inside the cell. b. Transduction – the signal is converted to a form that can bring about a specific cellular response. c. Response – transduced signal triggers a specific cellular response. May be any imaginable cellular activity. 3. Describe a ligand-receptor interaction and state how such interactions initiate a signal-transduction system. Ligand – receptor interaction: when a signaling molecule specifically
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supply is highly dependent and responsive to PGs functional role in the countercurrent multiplier concentrating system.1‚2 In the presence of NSAIDs prostaglandin H synthase is inhibited and vasoconstriction is then induced by catecholamines and angiotensin II‚ which then results in reduced renal blood flow and ischemia.1‚2‚4 The end result is ischemic necrosis of the papillae.1 Other theories suggest that reactive metabolites are formed in the cells of papillae‚ which may be responsible for papillary
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daily life and functions. Scientists are uncertain exactly how many Neurotransmitters there are‚ but more than 100 identified. The neurotransmitter then crosses the synaptic gap to reach the receptor site of the other cell or neuron. Then‚ in a process known as reuptake‚ the neurotransmitter attaches to the receptor site and is reabsorbed by the neuron. Most neurotransmitters are about the size of a single amino acid‚ however‚ some neurotransmitters may be the size of larger proteins or peptides. A
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discussed experiments. A description of the sensory systems that are involved with the experiments‚ as well as what happens from the nerve receptors to the brain. Sensory Adaptation Sensory adaptation refers to how a person’s body adjusts to the effects of a certain stimulus‚ over a period of time. It is diminished sensitivity to the sensory receptors due to overstimulation. Some examples of this include temperature and darkness (Examples of Stimulation‚ n.d.). The concept of sensory
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Questions 1. Mechanoreceptors‚ chemoreceptors‚ thermoreceptors‚ nociceptors‚ photoreceptors‚ and osmoreceptors. 2. The general sense organs consist of microscopic receptors widely distributed throughout the body in the skin‚ mucosa‚ connective tissues‚ muscle tendons‚ joints‚ and viscera. The special senses are characterized by receptors grouped closely together or located in specialized organs. 3. Exteroceptors‚ visceroceptors (or interoceptors)‚ and proprioceptors. 4. Pain: nociceptors. Touch:
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Biology 2B03 – Cell Biology November 27‚ 2011 Retinitis Pigmentosa – Rhodopsin Receptor Abstract According to Dryja Ap et. al (1990)‚ A rare disease that causes visual imparity‚ retinitis pigmentosa‚ is due to SNP mutations in the rhodopsin receptor. RP varies from the age of onset to its severity of the disease itself. With most cases having a gradual loss of the RPE cells and degradation of the cones and rods photoreceptor cells‚ nyctalopia and tunnel
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open between the axon of a nerve and the dendrite of another nerve. The synapse entails the neurotransmitters‚ mitochondria‚ postsynaptic ending that has receptors sites for the neurotransmitters‚ and a synaptic cleft. When alcohol is consumed and reaches the brain‚ it can alter neuron membranes‚ ion channels‚ enzymes‚ and receptors. The receptors that alcohol binds to are the ones for acetylcholine‚ serotonin‚ gamma aminobutyric acid‚ and glutamate. The two neurotransmitters that distress the behavior
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same 11.Secondary active transport A. Utilizes energy directly B. Often utilizes symport proteins C. Always uses the influx of sodium ions D. Is only important in the kidney. 12. What molecules pass information from the polar regulatory molecules receptor to activate the enzymes that produce cAMP? A. Paracrines B. G-proteins C. GTP 13. Which form of membrane transport is being described? The passage of molecules into cells with out passing through the plasma membranes structural matrix. A. Diffusion
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