Chapter 11: Cell Communication Cell-to-cell communication is essential in multicellular organisms. They must communicate to coordinate activities such as growth and development‚ and reproduction. In addition unicellular organisms communicate with each other. Signals may use light‚ or touch but we will focus on chemical signals. 1. External signals are converted to responses within the cell a. Evolution of cell signaling i. In yeast a cells and αcells both secrete chemicals
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The MU and delta receptors of our brain are affected by kratom extracts and opiate painkillers‚ this is the reason why kratom and its derivatives can create opiate-like sensations. In the case of kratom extract‚ the action of binding to the receptor causes anti-depressant and pain lessening results. Significantly‚ when a different element attaches to the receptors prior to the kratom’s metabolites and alkaloids been connected to the receptor‚ this simply prevents our system to
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1.3.c Risperidone vs Haloperidol: Evidence proves that risperidone is often more effective in the treatment of psychosis than the most commonly prescribed typical psychotic medication‚ haloperidol‚ which is included in the current list of WHO essential medications with chlorpromazine and fluphenazine. In multiple studies‚ risperidone is more likely than haloperidol to improve scores in the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)‚ reduces relapse rates of psychosis‚ improve cognitive function
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Achondroplasia In humans achondroplasia is the most common form of non-lethal skeletal dysplasia (short limb dwarfism)‚ affecting over 250‚000 people worldwide. The incidence is approximately one in 10‚000-30‚000 live births. (1-7) Achondroplasia is characterised by short stature (average height of 120-132cm (2‚3)) with disproportionately shorter proximal limb bones‚ a long trunk with a narrow thorax‚ macrocephaly with frontal bossing and mid face hyperplasia. (1-4) People with achondroplasia also
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DEFINE REFLEX REFLEXES ARE RAPID‚ PREDICTABLE‚ INVOLUNTARY MOTOR RESPONSES TO STIMULI; THEY ARE MEDIATED OVER NEURAL PATHWAYS CALLED REFLEX ARCS. NAME FIVE ESSENTIAL COMPONENTS OF A REFLEX RECEPTOR‚ SENSORY NEURON‚ INTERGRATION CENTER‚ MOTOR NEURON‚ AND EFFECTOR IN GENERAL‚ WHAT IS THE IMPORTANCE OF REFLEX TESTING IN A ROUTINE PHYSICAL EXAMINATION? IT IS AN IMPORTANT DIAGNOSTIC TOOK FOR ASSESSING THE CONDITION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. IT HELPS TO INDICATE DEGENERATION OR PATHOLOGY OF PORTIONS
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made of three major parts: a presynaptic neuron‚ a postsynaptic neuron‚ and a synaptic cleft. The presynaptic neuron contains the neurotransmitters‚ mitochondria‚ endoplasmic reticulum‚ and other cell organelles. The postsynaptic neuron contains receptor sites for the neurotransmitters in the presynaptic neuron. The synaptic cleft is the space between the presynaptic and postsynaptic neuron. The arrival of an action potential normally causes the release of neurotransmitters from the presynaptic
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Homoestatic plasticity Brain is not hard-wired but is constantly undergoing modifications to store information and adapt to changes in the environment. Nervous systems are thus faced with a fundamental problem: how to allow plastic mechanisms to shape their output and function‚ without compromising the stability and integrity of the underlying circuits that drive behavior. Homeostatic plasticity mechanisms that allow neurons to sense how active they are and to adjust their properties to maintain
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I hypothesized that melatonin inhibits somatostatin at transcription level through inhibition of important somatostatin transcription factors. I collected data from primary and secondary literature to acquire information on the target tissues‚ receptors and cellular mechanisms of melatonin. I collected information about somatostatin with emphasis on the mechanisms of its expression. Results showed that melatonin inhibits transcription of somatostatin through inhibition of Cyclic-adenosine monophosphate
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Chapter 25-Urinary System Aldosterone is a hormone that causes the renal tubules to reclaim sodium ions from the filtrate. =TRUE The kidneys are stimulated to produce renin ________. =by a decrease in the blood pressure An important characteristic of urine is its specific gravity or density‚ which is ________. =1.001-1.035 Which of the following is the functional unit of the kidney? =Nephron In which part of the kidney is reabsorption (1) dependent upon the body’s needs at
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neurotransmitter. Why would the closure of a potassium channel in the presynaptic axon terminal change the amount of Ca2︎ entering and change the amount of neurotransmitter released? Serotonin(5-HT) receptor on the sensory axon terminals is a G-protein-coupled metabotropic receptor. Stimulation of this receptor leads to the production of intracellular second messengers‚ cAMP‚ which activates protein kinase A. This enzyme phosphorylates various proteins‚ among which a potassium channel. Since potassium
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