Antibodies Antibodies play a pivotal role in life as they serve the purpose of patrolling through the bodies systems daily to fight against invading pathogens that cause diseases and infection. These molecules are an essential part of the immune system as they are both the markers and signals in notifying other components of the immune system to destroy the pathogenic threat. Antibodies have also become something much more as they have helped in the advancement in the fields of biological research
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(Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbant Assay) ELISA is abbreviated term for Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbant Assay. This procedure is one of the most widely used methods in clinical immunology assays to detect the presence and absence of certain antigens or antibodies and also to quantify them when necessary. Quantification can be done in a range of microgram (µg) to nanogram (ng). The ELISA procedure takes advantage of the fact that most proteins will bind firmly to the surface of different kinds of plastic
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Journal of Controlled Release 183 (2014) 87–93 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Controlled Release journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jconrel Antibody–drug gold nanoantennas with Raman spectroscopic fingerprints for in vivo tumour theranostics João Conde a‚b‚⁎‚1‚ Chenchen Bao c‚ Daxiang Cui c‚ Pedro V. Baptista b‚ Furong Tian d‚⁎⁎ a Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragon (INA)‚ Universidad de Zaragoza‚ Zaragoza 50018‚ Spain CIGMH‚ Departamento de Ciências da
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these hybrid cells have got the ability to produce antibodies due to the B-lymphocyte genetic material and also capacity to divide indefinitely in the culture due to the presence of tumour cell or myeloma cells involved in the production of hybrid cells. Therefore‚ these hybrid cells produced from hybridoma technology are cultured in laboratory or passaged or sub cultured using mouse peritoneal cavity and these cells produces monoclonal antibodies‚ and this technology is called as hybridoma technology
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the antigen blotted on the membrane‚ a primary antibody (serum) is added at an appropriate dilution and incubated with the membrane. Antibodies present in the serum bind to the protein(s). In order to detect the bound antibodies‚ anti-immunoglobulin antibodies coupled to an enzyme alkaline phosphatase or horseradish peroxidase are added. This anti-IgG enzyme is commonly called a "second antibody" or "conjugate". Finally‚ after excess second antibody is washed free of the blot‚ a substrate is added
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1. What are immunoglobins Immunoglobulin’s or antibodies are substances produced by the body’s immune system in response to bacteria‚ viruses‚ or other foreign substances‚ such as fungus‚ allergens or cancer cells. Antibodies attach to the foreign substances‚ causing them to be destroyed by other immune system cells. Secretory Immunoglobulin A (SIgA) is a subclass of Immunoglobulin A (IgA)‚ an antibody that plays a critical role in mucosal immunity. SIgA is the main immunoglobulin found in mucous
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Immunohistochemistry or IHC refers to the process of detecting antigens (e.g.‚ proteins) in cells of a tissue section by exploiting the principle of antibodies binding specifically to antigens in biological tissues.[1] IHC takes its name from the roots "immuno‚" in reference to antibodies used in the procedure‚ and "histo‚" meaning tissue (compare to immunocytochemistry). Immunohistochemical staining is widely used in the diagnosis of abnormal cells such as those found in cancerous tumors. A video
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Question 11 Blood group O Blood group O (or blood group zero in some countries) individuals do not have either A or B antigens on the surface of their RBCs‚ but their blood serum contains IgM anti-A and anti-B antibodies against the A and B blood group antigens. Therefore‚ a group O individual can receive blood only from a group O individual‚ but can donate blood to individuals of any ABO blood group (i.e.‚ A‚ B‚ O or AB). If anyone needs a blood transfusion in an emergency‚ and if the time taken
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which results from antibodies that block acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction. This prevents nerve impulses from triggering muscle contractions. The most commonly affected muscles are those of the eyes‚ face‚ and swallowing. It can result in double vision‚ dropping eye leads‚ trouble talking‚ and trouble walking. Diagnosis can be supported by blood tests for specific antibodies‚ the edrophonium test‚ or nerve conduction studies. The anti–acetylcholine receptor antibody test is reliable
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These antibodies then begin to bind to antigens on the patients own cell surface. Once these are binded they are recognized as intrinsic or extrinsic. During this phase the cells can act as antigen presenting cells. Another form of Type 2 hypersensitivity is called antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. (The reactions ran can take hours to a day.) Type 4 hypersensitivity which is an independent antibody and its reactions take 2 to 3 days. Unlike others
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