The CDC describes artificial immunity in terms of active versus passive. Passive immunity usually involves a transfusion of antibodies designed to destroy an infectious agent (an infectious agent is a microorganism that invades healthy tissues.) Active immunity is the result of a patient’s immune system being exposed directly to a weakened or dead form of the pathogen and reacting
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Legionnaires Disease: A Case Study Melinda Cramer Am J Crit Care 2003;12:234-238 © 2003 American Association of Critical-Care Nurses Published online http://www.ajcconline.org Personal use only. For copyright permission information: http://ajcc.aacnjournals.org/cgi/external_ref?link_type=PERMISSIONDIRECT Subscription Information http://ajcc.aacnjournals.org/subscriptions/ Information for authors http://ajcc.aacnjournals.org/misc/ifora.xhtml Submit a manuscript http://www.editorialmanager.com/ajcc
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Lymphatic System consists of 2 semi-independent parts: 1. Lymphatic vessels—network that carries lymph from peripheral tissues to the venous system 2. Lymphatic tissue and organs—found throughout the body *Lymph system cells—lymphocytes‚ phagocytes and other immune system cells What is Lymph? Fluid derived from plasma/interstitial fluid. Does not have plasma proteins What does the Lymphatic System do? Returns interstitial fluid and leaked plasma proteins to the blood stream It produces‚
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was associated with H3N8 (Virmani et al.‚ 2009). As per the seroservillance report of year 2012-13‚ 21 out of 1482 samples were found to be positive for equine influenza antibodies (NRCE‚ 2013). Even in 2016-17 seropositive samples (8 out of 1735) were observed by NRCE India (NRCE‚2017). At present no cut-off point for EI antibodies level in positive samples has been decided for the haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test so‚ serum samples with low titres should be investigated further and at least
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1. How and where are platelets produced in the body? Platelets are known as thrombocytes and are produced in red bone marrow. They are stimulated when a blood vessel becomes injured and breaks. Platelets are responsible for clotting a vessel to stop the body from losing all of its blood. 2. Describe the role played by platelets in hemostasis. Hemostatis involves constriction of blood vessels‚ activity of platelets‚ and activity of blood clotting factors. Platelets work together with other blood
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REVISION COMMON TYPES OF MICROBES 1 BACTERIA Difference between Gram Positive and Gram Negative Shapes of bacteria and examples What shapes have you learnt? GRAM STAIN: The process! You should work on your lab notes. LECTURE 2 GRAM STAIN Developed by a Danish called Christian Gram in 1884 Stain a heat-fixed smear with a dye like crystal violet and fix with Iodine Then wash with ethanol or acetone Finally counterstain with a dye of different colour such as safranin (what is its colour
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The primary antibody recognizes a specific amino-acid sequence of a particular protein. In this case‚ the antibody was anti-cow albumin. Then‚ it was incubated at 37°C for 30 minutes. After incubated‚ it was rinsed with TBS +NP 40 1x for 4 times. Each time was 5 minutes. This step was to wash the unbound antibodies. Then‚ it was rinsed two times with TBS 1x for 5 minutes to remove the soap. The blot was then developed
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breast milk is infant formula." (Williams‚ 1995). Breast milk is a perfect combination of nutrients and antibodies for an infant’s fast growing system. Breast milk is made up of fatty acids‚ water‚ lactose‚ and antibodies. The antibodies in breast milk help the baby fight off many illnesses within their environments as well as help them build their own immune systems. Without these antibodies babies tend to get sicker more often‚ and it can take the babies longer to recover from these illnesses
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of a positive antinuclear antibody (ANA) titer is that 98% of people with systemic lupus test positive‚ even though it is not enough for a diagnosis of lupus (healthy individuals can test positive) it is a good indication along with other diagnostics test in the presence of lupus. The anti-double-stranded DNA antibody (anti-dsDNA) is a specific type of ANA antibody found in about 30% of people with systemic lupus. Less than 1% of healthy individuals have this antibody‚ making it helpful in confirming
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In 2008 Judy Van De Water from UC Davis discovered a group of antibodies that trigger immune responses against the body’s own molecules that are especially common in mothers and children with Autism. These Antibodies bind to six proteins that are involved with brain development. It could potentially help families plan by enrolling their children earlier into educational programs that promote social skills. This antibody hypothesis would only apply to about a quarter of autism cases but is
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